Euthanasia Essay -- Death Research Papers

Euthanasia Euthanasia, as defined by the Encarta Encyclopedia, is the â€Å"practice of mercifully ending a person’s life in order to release the person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death† (Encarta, 2004). Euthanasia is a Greek word, which means â€Å"good death.† As humans, we understand death is something we cannot avoid but having some control over death is empowering and reassuring to us. If someone is suffering from a terminal illness, intolerable pain, or in a long-term coma, euthanasia is an acceptable option for someone to end his or her life. With the consent of their doctor(s) these people should be able to have the law on their side supporting their decisions. Euthanasia began in 1906 when Ohio drafted the first bill supporting the acceptance of euthanasia. Unfortunately, the bill did not succeed. About thirty years later, Reverend Charles Potter founded the Euthanasia Society of America in New York (Humphry, 1999). Since its beginnings, euthanasia or mercy killing as it is also called, has experienced many highs and lows, legal wins and set backs. Most noteworthy is the 1976 Natural Death Act passed by California with 10 states quickly following in California’s footsteps (Humphry, 1999). In 1980, euthanasia made a small gain against its largest opposition, the Catholic Church (Humphry, 1999). Pope John Paul II refuses accepting any â€Å"right to die† ideologies although he permits greater use of painkillers and the right to refuse any means to extend life unnaturally. Today, most states have some laws that allow patients to make informed decisions about how they wish to die. Almost every state allows one to have a living will. This simply states that if one is surviving via ... ...e that is breathing for them, or allowing someone to be in coma with no brain waves and simply existing is counterproductive to technology. We need to have a human say in when technology is simply enabling us to exist as machines. In those times, we need the right to say it is time to die. Euthanasia is at best a complicated subject. However, we a free people in a free society should be permitted one of the biggest freedoms of human life- deciding when to die. Doctors like Dr. Kevorkian should be hailed as heroes for human life not labeled doctors of death. Although this decision should never be made quickly or without counseling and much thought; if someone is terminally ill and in much pain he or she should be able to decide when her or she will die. It should be our last right as a person of this world to decide when it is time to move into the next one. Euthanasia Essay -- Death Research Papers Euthanasia Euthanasia, as defined by the Encarta Encyclopedia, is the â€Å"practice of mercifully ending a person’s life in order to release the person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death† (Encarta, 2004). Euthanasia is a Greek word, which means â€Å"good death.† As humans, we understand death is something we cannot avoid but having some control over death is empowering and reassuring to us. If someone is suffering from a terminal illness, intolerable pain, or in a long-term coma, euthanasia is an acceptable option for someone to end his or her life. With the consent of their doctor(s) these people should be able to have the law on their side supporting their decisions. Euthanasia began in 1906 when Ohio drafted the first bill supporting the acceptance of euthanasia. Unfortunately, the bill did not succeed. About thirty years later, Reverend Charles Potter founded the Euthanasia Society of America in New York (Humphry, 1999). Since its beginnings, euthanasia or mercy killing as it is also called, has experienced many highs and lows, legal wins and set backs. Most noteworthy is the 1976 Natural Death Act passed by California with 10 states quickly following in California’s footsteps (Humphry, 1999). In 1980, euthanasia made a small gain against its largest opposition, the Catholic Church (Humphry, 1999). Pope John Paul II refuses accepting any â€Å"right to die† ideologies although he permits greater use of painkillers and the right to refuse any means to extend life unnaturally. Today, most states have some laws that allow patients to make informed decisions about how they wish to die. Almost every state allows one to have a living will. This simply states that if one is surviving via ... ...e that is breathing for them, or allowing someone to be in coma with no brain waves and simply existing is counterproductive to technology. We need to have a human say in when technology is simply enabling us to exist as machines. In those times, we need the right to say it is time to die. Euthanasia is at best a complicated subject. However, we a free people in a free society should be permitted one of the biggest freedoms of human life- deciding when to die. Doctors like Dr. Kevorkian should be hailed as heroes for human life not labeled doctors of death. Although this decision should never be made quickly or without counseling and much thought; if someone is terminally ill and in much pain he or she should be able to decide when her or she will die. It should be our last right as a person of this world to decide when it is time to move into the next one.

E-Manufacturing: A Technology Review

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. E Manufacturing a Technology Review Dr. H. K. Shivanand, Nanjundaradhya N. V, Prabhakar Kammar, Divya shree S, Keshavamurthy YC. Abstract: With a rapid change in technology especially in the manufacturing sector, customers are demanding more value, less risk, and better integration of products, hence there is a need to change the manufacturing strategies, which can result in improved performance thereby meeting the customer demands. This paper critically reviews a new area to overcome the above problem called â€Å"E – Manufacturing† which can integrate customers, products and suppliers with the help of Internet Technology. The concept of E – Manufacturing, its development, tools and potential benefits are discussed along with application examples on Automobiles. Areas like E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, E – Business related to E – Manufacturing is also discussed. By adopting such a manufacturing technique zero downtime, reduced product error, customer satisfaction, quick manufacturing changes can be accomplished. In addition the concept of E-Manufacturing applied to the manufacture of gears is also discussed there by providing better understanding of this process. like ERP, MES, SCADA, and even newer acronyms like Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) are communicating with each other, and sharing data through internet connections. II. EVOLUTION OF E MANUFACTURING For decades, the dominant manufacturing model was based on principles of mass production [2]. Standardized parts and processes made economies of scale achievable, but limited design flexibility and customization. The outsourcing and lean manufacturing movements of the 1980s and 1990s drove the emergence of a new paradigm, termed the Quality Management era. Manufacturing companies, particularly large Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEM) outsourcing shifts critical elements of the design and production process onto a manufacturer’s supply chain. The lean manufacturing movement places a premium on time and inventory reduction. Combining the attributes of the Quality era suggests a very different business model for manufacturing – enterprise integration or E-Manufacturing. In the E-Manufacturing era, companies will be able to exchange information of all types with their suppliers at the speed of light. III. E MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing can be most cogently and generally described as the application of the Internet to Manufacturing [3], further E-Manufacturing is becoming popular with the increased use of the internet. Due the widespread availability of the Internet; large-scale distributed projects in manufacturing are becoming popular. It is the methodology and framework for collaborative Virtual Manufacturing. The ability to exchange information and automate manufacturing processes forms the building blocks of the virtual manufacturing companies of the near future. It covers all aspects of manufacturing – sales, marketing, customer service, new product development, procurement, supplier relationships and logistics manufacturing strategy development and so on. As a result, it is now so much easier to allow certain people gain access to certain sections of the system, according to whatever criteria they like; maintenance people need certain parts of the data, but not others; operators would be able to access a limited number of devices; managers would be allowed to monitor, but not change anything, etc. New technologies such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) are now making it easier to share data between different application programs, and to set up computers to take actions based on criteria †¹ for instance, to order supplies when inventories reach a critical low point. The E-Manufacturing WCE 2008 Index Terms— E – Manufacturing, E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, Automobile, Gears. I. INTRODUCTION F manufacturing companies what matters more is that how efficiently their company can compete globally with others as an organization followed by meeting the day to day requirements of the customer and exchange of hassle free information while not focusing only on sales of the company [1]. Today’s customers provide top priority for money, better quality and less risk. In order to cater to the needs of the customer, manufacturing companies have adopted a new technique called E Manufacturing. It is concerned with the use of the Internet and E-Business technologies in manufacturing industries wherein a network can be established between the customer, the manufacturer and the product. The internet offers a frictionless path for exchange of information. The concepts of E-Maintenance, E-Business, E Diagnostics and ECare have led to the formation of an E-Factory which can produce quality products at remarkable speeds. In short, the customer is just a click away from a business deal. Within manufacturing concerns, the various enterprise-wide systems OR today’s Manuscript received October 11, 2007. H. K. Shivanand is with the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering , Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA 560001 phone: 918022961887 e-mail: Shivanand. [email  protected] gmail. com Prabhakar Kammar, is working at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore Nanjundaradhya N. V is working at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore Divya shree S is working at BEL, Bangalore. Keshavamurthy YC, ME (Manufacturing Sc &Engg), UVCE, Bangalore. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. technique also affects products as well since it is possible to use Internet technologies to add new product functions and to provide new services. The Internet is being used even at the shop floor level. For instance, computer numerical control devices (CNC’s) can be connected via intranets or the Internet to ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), production planning, or maintenance systems. As such, the E-Manufacturing project aims to develop an appropriate framework for a common platform to enable distributed planning and control in manufacturing for quicker, easier, secure and cost-effective collaborations. The developed system will allow dispersed engineering team members to work together productively, as if they were under one roof. This transformation of the enterprise coincides with the increasing content of information contained in products and processes. This new production enterprise is information-rich. The major functions and objectives of e-manufacturing are: (a) provide a transparent, seamless and automated information exchange process to enable an only handle information once (OHIO) environment; (b) improve the utilization of plant floor assets using a holistic approach combining the tools of predictive maintenance techniques; (c) links entire SCM operation and asset optimization; and (d) deliver customer services utilizing the latest predictive intelligence methods and Tether-free technologies [4] Fig 2: Before Implementing E Manufacturing Fig 3: After Implementing E Manufacturing IV. E MANUFACTURING TOOLS Implementation of the E-Manufacturing tools results in cost saving, regardless of the company size. E-Manufacturing tools enable connectivity among the various modules of the manufacturing process. Areas where the E-Manufacturing tools need to be developed are listed below [5 – 9]. Data and information transformation tool: The large amounts of raw data collected during a manufacturing process are rendered useless, unless the data is gathered and transformed into some useful information which may be used to monitor a system. To understand this better a simple example is taken below. Consider a CNC machine hooked to the Internet as shown in Figure 4. It shows the way data and information are transformed from the machine to the internet. Here the idea is to monitor the health of the tool [life of the tool] fixed in the CNC machine. This technique can also be used to calibrate a machine from the Internet. Fig 1 Evolution of E Manufacturing (Source NACFAM) The contrast between the traditional system and the system with E-Manufacturing is indicated below [3] ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. Fig 4: Tool Monitoring in a CNC Machine Using Internet. Prediction Tools: Apart from data being gathered, certain tools need to be developed, which can predict or detect the degradation of various parts of the machine, performance loss and trend of failure. Developing a tool which monitors these aspects could set the trend for an advanced diagnostic system. Optimization Tools: As far as E-Manufacturing is concerned data can be accessed from any part of the globe at any time. Hence certain tools need to be developed which can optimize the data and provide easy to read results. For example, these tools should be able to provide the performance of a drill bit for various drilling operation verses time, temperature, tool tip failure with various materials etc. Synchronization Tools: This is an important tool in the E-Manufacturing environment, which can associate various groups such as customer’s suppliers and manufacturers, where first hand information needs to be sent to these groups during emergencies, for example – if tool needs a replacement or tool has worn out then the information is sent from first the manufacturer to the supplier and tool maker where the tool can be assessed for performance. The new connectivity and communications tools will boost productivity, profits, speed to market, and flexibility for those manufactures who are willing to upgrade. Some of the common E-manufacturing tools are SMS, E Mail, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Fax and Infrared Connectivity. V. E MAINTENANCE Progressive plant executives, maintenance managers, and work planners have always wanted to have information about the condition of equipment assets at their fingertips when they need it. Unfortunately, it typically is scattered among separate information systems. It is difficult to view, compile and synchronize the different information types on the same computer terminal. If one wants to maximize business continuity by increasing device up-time and minimize the time, costs and headaches associated with device administration he must adopt the E-Maintenance strategy. It is a network that integrates and synchronizes the various maintenance and reliability applications to gather and deliver asset information where it is needed, when it is needed. Interconnectivity of the islands of maintenance and reliability information is embodied in E-Maintenance. The EMaintenance network can be developed from a collection of information islands by using a single proprietary system, a custom bridge, or by using an open systems bridge. EMaintenance also removes the need for manual meter readings that is your device administration is virtually reduced to nil. It is estimated that 15- 40% of indirect costs of manufacturing is maintenance related. About 50% are unnecessary corrective maintenance, which costs 10-15 times more than predictive maintenance. Furthermore, 25% of maintenance is preventive, which is 3-5 times more expensive then predictive. An effective E-Manufacturing strategy uses predictive maintenance techniques to forecast equipment wear and predict failure. Apart from this, it also alerts MRO managers to unexpected problems. This allows managers to proactively correct problems, thus maximizing the use of machinery and personnel while minimizing preventive maintenance expenses. Predicting the reliability of plant-floor equipment can be the difference between a few minutes of preventive maintenance and hours or days of downtime for corrective maintenance. Ultimately, predictive maintenance, computerized maintenance management systems or CMMS, and effective utilization of maintenance specialists make E Manufacturing work. VI. E DIAGNOSTICS E-Diagnostics is the reactive and proactive remote diagnosis, maintenance and repair of equipment by service personnel. EDiagnostics offers many businesses the promise of better equipment reliability and performance at a much lower cost. It is the hardened, reliable acquisition of time-stamped, highspeed information from the tool registers and ancillary data points, database retention and management, parsing and analysis. A complete E-Diagnostics solution would include the following: (a) Remote capture, transmission, analysis and dissemination of equipment performance data. (b) Remote takeover of equipment to manipulate equipment settings during and after repair. (c) A trigger for replenishing spare parts. (d) Faster and more effective response to field service engineering requests, bringing the experts remotely to the problem. (e) Reduced equipment and process variation, through better visibility and response to differences in equipment performance among machines. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. (f) Preventive response to pending equipment failures through the use of advanced process control (real-time multivariate statistical analysis). (g) Enhanced next-generation tool development through improved awareness of deficiencies in current equipment designs. Traditional E-Diagnostics systems monitor tool performance and provide â€Å"maintenance needed† alerts to service and engineering personnel. Much more can be derived from the rich sensor data generated as wafers pass through process chambers. This step in E-Diagnostics is to employ proven enterprise data mining (EDM) techniques to correlate device yield and performance with the vast amount of tool-level and wafer-level chamber sensor data. With this new approach, yield and process-level issues can be uncovered down to a particular sensor reading on a specific tool process chamber. Once a specific tool issue can be identified to have an impact on process results, specific E-Diagnostics monitors can be targeted to prevent future yield and process excursions, completing a closed loop process learning effort. The steps to be followed to implement the E Diagnostics strategy in an industry are as shown below. maintenance programme. Computerized maintenance management systems optimize the deployment of all maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) resources, such as people, spare parts, tools and facilities, and allow the creation of a planned maintenance programme for all assets. EProcurement allows the replacement of stock with information and offers direct access to spares at lowest cost. For the successful application of E-Manufacturing there must exist a partnership between the supplier and the customer. The goal is to deploy best practices in e-business processes as quickly and effectively as possible while ensuring a quantifiable return on investment (ROI). The benefits of adopting E business strategy are; (a) Quick installation of software updates with no need for expensive integration projects. (b) One enterprise wide view of the customer, product or process. (c) Global deployment from one instance of the software, making all applications accessible globally via a standard Web browser. (d) Simplified systems and maintenance for IT staff due to the one-vendor approach. e) Streamlined business processes. (f) Better decision-making and business intelligence because of the single-database architecture and preintegrated applications and rapid deployment at lower cost. VIII. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND GEARS Every automobile industry has an umpteen number of divisions, each division manufacturing a particular system of the automobile- like the steering system, brake system, engine, suspens ion, chassis and body, interiors, safety division, quality control division, etc. With so many departments working towards the creation of the same end product, a lot of time and money is spent in redesigning and related cases which may arise due to inefficient data transfer or delayed transfer of important information between the departments. Such a problem can be sorted out by implementing the EManufacturing strategy into the industry. The internet can be used to share data and information between various departments and between manufacturers worldwide. Data sharing can be extensively used between the head office and the various branches and service centers of a company which may be located at different locations around the globe. For example, if a component is found defective in one of the branches the information is relayed immediately to the other branches warning them to arrest the production of that component immediately. As a result of this, huge amounts of time, material and money are saved. The internet is a means of communication between production engineers, the manufacturing engineers, and the design engineers. Adopting this new technique can reduce the complexity of the part, without jeopardizing performance. Using CAE tools in the design process may have a profound impact on savings. In many cases, the virtual prototype is a much more accurate representation of what we designed than the physical Fig 5: E Diagnostics VII. E BUSINESS In today’s world it’s the â€Å"Time Factor† that can make or break an industry. Gone are the days of buying different applications from a host of technology vendors and spending countless months and dollars integrating them. Increasingly, the customers are demanding more customized products, faster delivery schedules, and instant access to order status. Results have to be assessed in financial terms, with return on net assets or return on capital employed, the key measure. EBusiness promises a solution to this customer demanding market. Automated scheduling provides a better method of managing production orders and increases the visibility of current and future scheduling activities. Tracking involves the collection, analysis, viewing and reporting of production data. To get the best productivity from the assets deployed, three main areas need to be addressed: Condition based maintenance; computerized maintenance management; EProcurement. Condition-based maintenance predicts the deterioration of assets that allows the planning of maintenance actions more effectively and monitors the effectiveness of the ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. prototype. Apart from adopting this strategy in the production line it can also be used in the maintenance program of an automobile. For example, if you only repair your car when it breaks down, you face costly corrective maintenance. A preventive maintenance schedule, based on the manufacturer's recommendations, may prevent breakdowns. Preventive maintenance is possible using E-Diagnostics. When a car is taken in for servicing, it is hooked onto the diagnostic computer which indicates existing problems. Moreover the service centers are constantly hooked up to the internet and are updated on availability of spares, latest trends in servicing and solutions to commonly occurring problems. All this information is made available from their counterparts from around the world. To add to this the entire service history of the vehicle is uploaded to the net so that it is made available to all of the company’s service centers around the globe which will help identify the status of the vehicle wherever and whenever one wants to service it. Gears form an important component in most machines as well as in automobiles. Today’s Customers demand a multitude of gears in a short span of time, without any compromise on quality. The solution to this challenge is E Manufacturing. One can hook up the gear manufacturing machine to the net. It offers fully integrated production control software for estimating, order and job control, job travelers, scheduling, data collection, inventory control, purchasing, work center loading and cost accounting. Various design parameters can be entered by the customer and modifications may also be made until the last minute. Once the system is in place economic and efficient manufacture of gears is imminent. 1. Synchronize Production Processes with Business Processes. . Orchestrate Upstream Flows of Work, Information, and Material. 3. Automate Business Processes & Workflows within the Enterprise 4. Give Control to Managers with Plant Information & Analysis Tools. 5. Integrate the Design Process among All Collaborating Parties. 6. Leverage Bi-directional Down-stream Information. 7. Enable Collaborative Maintenance and Manufacturing Support. X. CONCLUSION This paper discussed cer tain key areas and subsets of the E-Manufacturing strategy which when implemented will yield priceless benefits to an industry that implements it. Further the concept of an E-Factory promises greater increase in productivity and performance, while at the same time decreases production costs. However, for E-Manufacturing to be a success, co-operation between various public and private sector organizations is mandatory. This new thinking paradigm to integrate web-enabled and predictive intelligence for manufacturing systems is becoming a new benchmark strategy for manufacturing companies to compete in the twenty-first century. REFERENCES [1] [2] White paper â€Å"Making sense of E-Manufacturing: A Road map for manufacturers Industry† Rockwell Automation. Exploiting E Manufacturing: Interoperability of Software Systems used by US Manufacturing â€Å" National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing, 2001, pp 1-13 Manufacturing Engineering Handbook – by Hwaiyu Geng, McGraw Hill Professional 1 edition, March 1, 2004, Koc M, Ni J, Lee J. Introduction of e-manufacturing. Proceeding of the International Conference on Frontiers on Design and Manufacturing, Dalian, China, July 2002. E – Manufacturing Review – Jay Lee – Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Journal. , May 23 – 2003 Lee J, Ahad A, [email  protected] M. E-manufacturing—its elements and impact. Proceedings of the Annual Institute of Industrial Engineering (IIE) Conference, Advances in Production Session, Dallas, TX, USA, May 21–23, 2001. Lee J, Ni J. Web-enabled e-manufacturing. Proceeding of Sixth International Manufacturing Technology in Hong Kong, December 2001 Lee J, Ni J. E-manufacturing and e-business integration: a case study. Proceeding of the International Manufacturing Leaders Forum (IMLF), Adelaide, Australia, February 8–10, 2002. Lee J, Ni J. Infotronics agent for tether-free prognostics. Proceeding of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Refinement and Revision for Decision Making: Modeling for Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Prediction, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, March 25–27, 2002. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Figure 6 Application of E Manufacturing to Automobile Industry [8] [9] IX. BENEFITS OF E-MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing is a fundamental change in the strategic value proposition for manufacturers. Its collection of systems, processes, and technologies that support and enable manufacturers to compete in collaboration with others has seven fundamental jobs: ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008

Christian Theology And Feminist Theology - 1699 Words

If one were to ask ten modern day theologians to define the word â€Å"theology,† it is likely that they would hear ten different answers. Even within the various types of theology, for example, Christian theology, there are a wide spectrum of attitudes and beliefs. Even more so, if one were to compare evangelical theology with feminist theology, the differences would add up quickly. Two modern day theologians, Stanley Grenz and Catherine Keller, well known in their respective fields, have approached their theology from different backgrounds. The most obvious is the difference in gender. However, their theological methodologies, the definition, and nature of their theological goals and their approach to being biblically faithful are vastly different. By careful examination, these two theologians and their specific ideologies in relating to evangelical theology and feminist theology will influence how a person approaches their own theology. Considered a â€Å"prolific theologian,† Stanley Grenz was a leader among evangelical theologians (Warner, 2005, p. 42). Author of a multitude of books on diverse subject matters including eschatology, ethics, Trinity, and homosexuality, Grenz initially defended his Baptist customs (Warner, 2005). However, considered as his greatest contribution, was his ability to bridge the evangelicals from their own world of thought to â€Å"engage the larger scholarly world† (Warner, 2005, p. 43). 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Symbolism and Theme in William Faulkners A Rose for...

Symbolism and Theme in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily In William Faulkners short story A Rose for Emily, a series of interconnected events collectively represent a single theme in the story. Symbolism is the integral factor involved in understanding the theme. A Rose for Emilys dominant theme is the search for love and security, a basic human need which can be met unfavorably in equivocal environments. Faulkners use of symbolism profoundly develops the theme of the story, bringing to light the issues of morality that arise from a young womans struggle to find love. Faulkner provides the necessary pieces of symbolism, speckled through out the action of the story, for the reader to assimilate and assemble.†¦show more content†¦The hidden watch seems to suggest that Emily has a need to hide the effects of time, and a stronger one to control it. Time has taken all the things she has longed for in life. Things she can no longer recover in a reality based environment, become the subject of the fantastic inner workings of her altered state of mind. When her father dies, she gains the ultimate control in determining her destiny, and Emily is now given a freedom never before experienced under her fathers guidance. Her fathers strict hand in stifling her natural instincts leads to a dangerous form of complacency for Emily later in life. There stands an image of the narrators, of Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background...her father...in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the backflung front door (278), which conjures up a perverse metaphorical portrait of the two. The father with so much power over the life of his daughter, tends only to his own selfish motivations by chasing away any hope Emily might have at happiness. The two of them, father and daughter, trapped in the frame of that house that would lead to the ultimate downfall of the Grierson name. Two years after the death of her father, the committee had paid Emily a visit regarding her taxes. A few months after that visit the town noticed that Homer Barron had disappeared.Show MoreRelated The Central Theme and Symbolism of William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1902 Words   |à ‚  8 Pages William Faulkners central theme in the story A Rose For Emily is to let go of the past. The main character in the story, Emily Grierson, has a tendency to cling to the past and has a reluctance to be independent. Faulkner uses symbols throughout the story to cloak an almost allegorical correlation to the reconstruction period of the South. Even these symbols are open to interpretation; they are the heart and soul of the story. 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Mental Health Of African American Male Populations Essay

A survey was conducted by Sherrill L. Sellers (Miami University of Ohio), Harold W. Neighbors, (University of Michigan), and Vence L. Bonham (Michigan State University) in order to address the interaction between goal-oriented stress and overall well being in 399 college-educated African American associated with a historically black national fraternal organization all over the world. Mental health of African American male populations is poorly understood due to unique social, racial, and psychological variables. Although many black men deem success possible, a great number identify resistance to success in the form of prejudice, discrimination, and minimal opportunities in comparison with their white counterpart. Due to this background, the researchers attempted to answer the seemingly dichotomous interaction between stress and mental health in this population. They hypothesized that â€Å"goal-striving stress would be inversely related to mental health and that striving-related cop ing strategies, such as racial attribution and John Henryism, would moderate the relationship between goal-striving stress and mental health† (514) Furthermore, the researchers hypothesized â€Å"interactions between goal-striving stress and two coping resources—racial attribution and John Henryism† (514). Finally, a third hypothesis is that the active coping style called John Henryism should act as a buffer when it comes to goal-striving stress (514). It is important to note that the sample populationShow MoreRelatedMental Health Crisis in the African American Community Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesMental illness is an increasing problem in America. Currently about 26.2% of Americans suffer from a mental disorder. A mental illness/disorder is a medical condition that disrupts a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, and ability to relate to others and daily functions. 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The Importance of Logistics in Providing Free Essays

Logistics involves controlling and managing the movement of goods and services, information and products from the point where they are produced up to the market place.   In other words, it deals with the information and physical flows of the raw materials to the final distribution of finished products.   Logistics also involves the management of information and storage of materials, parts of the finished goods in the chains of supply, through procurement stages, work-in-progress to the final distribution. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Logistics in Providing or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to cooper (1994), the goal of logistics is to maximize future and current profitability in order to acquire customer satisfaction and also satisfying their orders through the cost effective analysis (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). Customer service and Logistics Majority of today’s companies consider customer service as a very crucial phenomenon in their businesses.   In the past customer service was mainly based on the needs of the customer without taking in consideration what real requirements or even the perceptions of these customers.   It is therefore necessary to comprehend the customer requirements and service will always differ not only between industries and companies but also between the market segments that a business might seem to have (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). Complexity of the provision of customer service is also another important requirement that needs to be noted and understood clearly.   This is because customer service links the processes of logistics and distribution and many influences relevant to customer service may evolve within these processes; such as the range from ease of ordering stock that is available to the reliability of delivery. It is also important to balance the cost of provision with the level of service provided.   High costs of providing customer service that is even greater than what a customer actually requires has resulted in the downfall of many service offerings in companies. Therefore, the key to attaining quality and successful customer service policy is through the development of appropriate policies and objectives which involves liaison with these customers.   It is also important to monitor, control and measure all the set up procedures (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). The components of the logistics customer service may be identified as a transaction –related elements with emphasis being placed on specific service that is provided for instance on time delivery.   It may also be viewed as functional attributes related to the entire aspects consisting of the order fulfillment such as taking of orders. In order to reflect the timing and nature of particular service requirements transaction elements are usually put into three categories: Pre-transaction elements, transaction elements and post-transaction elements. Pre-transaction elements consist of customer service factors brought about as a result of the actual transaction that takes place. They involve: accessibility of order personnel, method of ordering, system flexibility, written customer service policy single order contact point, transaction elements organizational structure and order size constraints. Transaction elements on the other hand are the elements that are related to those other elements mostly concerned with logistics and distribution.   These elements include: delivery of complete order, delivery time, order preparation, delivery reliability, order cycle time, availability of inventory, condition of goods, order status information and delivery alternatives. The post-transaction elements consist of those elements that arise after the process of delivery has been fulfilled.   These elements include: call-out time, returns policy, availability of spares, product tracing, involving procedures, customer complaints and procedures, claims procedures and involving accuracy. Another classification of customer service elements is that one of multifunctional dimensions.   This classification has the objective of assessing the various components of customer service available across a range of the whole functions of the company so as to strive to gain a seamless service provision.   For instance, time is made up of a single requirement which covers the whole range of span from the placement of order to the delivery of the order – the order cycle. This approach has the impact of enabling the delivery of some very relevant measures of logistics.   The multifunctional dimensions include: dependability which means the guaranteed accurate and fixed delivery time, flexibility which is the logistics customer services ability to identify and respond to the changing needs of customers’ time that is usually order cycle time and communication which helps in the easy of order taking processes (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). There elements of customer service differ and their significance will also vary according to the company, concerned market and the product.   Therefore, it is important that a customer service policy exists which will help in the undertaking of the various segments of the market that exists. The customer service policy also involve the awareness of the needs of customers or those of the segmentation; identification of clearly defined quantifiable standards available for customer service, understanding any trade – off that may exist between the levels of customer service and that of the costs, measuring the service that is provided and lastly liaison with customers so as to enhance an appreciated and understanding of the provided service (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). How logistics customer service affect a company’s sales and customer loyalty Customer service involves ways in which an organization deals with its customers and it is mostly seen in sales and after-sale service.   Customer service in logistics should also include all the processes that are involved in the value chain.   To acquire customer focus, there is need to obtain a good customer service.   Poor customer relations on the other hand are as a result of the availability of poor customer service (Peck Christopher, 2003). Increasing levels of competitive pressure and difficulty with the aim of maintaining and increasing profitability is what most of today’s companies face.   The management of these companies are being faced with the challenges of innovating and seeking strategies that could help in the advancement of the competitive advantage and profitability of their awareness of the significance of logistics in their organizations hence the need for a specialist. Logistics customer service plays a very crucial role in the overall outcome of a company’s sales and customer loyalty.   The outcome could be negative or positive depending on the quality of the customer service that is being provided by an organization.   Poor customer service in logistics could result in poor customer loyal.   The poor services include high costs, poor delivery time, and poor goods that the company could be offering, lack of enough inventory among other things.   This not only affects customer relations and loyalty but also the sales of the company (Peck Christopher, 2003). The earlier on discussed elements of logistics customer service play a very crucial role to the buyers of the products in the company.   Lack of adherence to these elements by an organization often leads to the fall in the overall company’s sales and customer loyalty.   Profitability of the firm depends on how a company handles carriers out these elements. An organization is bound to gain loyalty from its customers when it strives to strengthen the relationship between them as this will enhance the company’s sales hence profitability is increased.   This relationship involves good communication and honesty from the logistics customer care service loyalty can only be enhanced through good customer service provision.   Customer loyalty is bound to deteriorate if they are offered with poor services or the company’s sales are such that they are too high as compared to their expectations of the goods and services that a company provides (Peck Christopher, 2003). Customer service plays a vital role in logistics hence its major concern.   The level and quality of logistic customer service provided will directly impact on the company’s cost and implication, its profitability and the market share.   Poor logistic customer service will result in the company’s lose of customer hence losing their loyalty as well.   The end result therefore means that the company will have to incur high costs in trying to shape its image and also in the recruitment of other personnel. The company has also got to strive in order to increase its market share.   On the other hand effective logistic customer care will result in the improved market share, profitability and low cost incurred by an organization (Peck Christopher, 2003). Customer service in logistics and be viewed as an activity which means what a company actually provides for its customer service department that mostly handles special orders, billing, complaints among other things.   Similarly the provision of customer service can also be viewed as a measure of a company’s performance.   For instance if a company can deliver completed orders at least 24 hours of the receipt and 95% on time, this means that this company provides good customer service. It is therefore, important that the logistics customer service provides quality service in the manner in which they handle customer’s complaints, handling their orders and the speed of delivery.   This will have a positive impact on the company’s sale and customer loyalty (Gourdin, 2006). In addition, if the logistics customer service system is managed in a way that it can provide the customers the level and standard of services that they require, this will   result into customer satisfaction hence accompany is able to reap maximum benefits and at the same time retain the loyalty of its customers. Another factor that determines how logistic customer service impacts on company’s sales and customer loyalty is honesty.   Honesty means that an organization should be able to fulfill its promises to its customers.   If a company pledges more than what it can guarantee, it means that the customers will get dissatisfied.   This as a result, will lead to the fall of the number of customers that a company has hence, losing the customer’s loyalty and this eventually leads to a fall in the company’s sales.   It is therefore important that manager do not overstate the services they intend to offer their customers (Gourdin, 2006) To conclude, in today’s market, competition is stiff and customers are more demanding with regards to goods and services that are offered by companies.   The expectations concerning service provisions and this therefore calls for the understanding of what is valued by the customers and also a company needs to focus on the processes so that this value is delivery consistently. References Gourdin, K., (2006) Glogal Logistics Management: A Competitive Advantage for the 21st Century. Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 1405127139. Peak, H. Christopher, M. (2003) Marketing Logistics. Elsevier. ISBN 0750652241. Rushton, A., Oxley, J., Croucher, P., (2000).   The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Manage.   Kogan Page. ISBN 0749433655. How to cite The Importance of Logistics in Providing, Essay examples

Market Conceptual Methodological Foundation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Market Conceptual Methodological Foundation? Answer: Introduction The discussion of the following paper is to get a proper picture of the marketing strategies of the ebikes in the modern context. The ebikes or the electric bikes have become a sensation in the contemporary era. This is why all the motor vehicle manufacturing companies are eyeing the production of the ebikes positively (Fyhri Fearnley, 2015). It can be said that the modern era is the age of technology. This is why the young generation is inclined towards the use of the electric bikes indeed. Some significant advantages of using the ebikes have been seen as well. Reef Bikes Reef Bikes is considered to be one of the most important electric bikes manufacturers in Australia (www.reefbikes.com.au, 2018). They are one of the most important and leading manufacturers of the electric bicycles in the country. The organization was set up in the year 2005. They have been serving the customers ever since and providing them with the best products for their use for various purposes (www.reefbikes.com.au, 2018). They have pioneered the invisiTRON technology that has catered to the needs of the many customers indeed. Their products have served the best for the customers in various areas. They have developed the designs of the Road Bikes, Folded Electric Bikes and Tricycles Prodeco Tech Prodeco Tech is one of the leading manufacturers of the ebikes in USA. They have been successful in gaining the ebikes market in the country for a long time now (prodecotech.com, 2018). The organization was set up in the year 2007. Market Opportunities It is essential for both the companies to adopt some strategies by which they can do their marketing. As their aim to gain the competitive advantage over their rivals in the country and expand in the foreign countries as well, they will look to capture the European market mainly to grab the customers of that continent (Berthon et al., 2012). They are looking to grab the markets of some parts of Europe like Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and some other countries. It is a common fact that this product is a complete durable product indeed. This will be helpful for all the customers as it will run for a longer time. The introduction of this product will be helpful for all the customers indeed (Berthon et al., 2012). Market segmentation Both the companies of Reef Bikes and Prodeco Tech will be eyeing to set their target markets in a way that all groups of people irrespective of their age and financial background will be able to take the benefit of using the e-bikes. The target groups of the companies can be divided according to the psychographic, geographic and demographic segments (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The companies should put the more priority on the rural areas where electricity is very much costly. The company can provide the customers the ebikes at low cost to gain more customers. They can provide the ebikes in installments. In terms of demographic segmentation, the target age group will be 18 to 65. In terms of geographic segmentation, developed countries will be targeted in the initial stages followed by the developing countries. Regarding the psychographic segmentation, customers inclined towards fitness regime along with sustainable development will be targeted. Market diversification This product should be developed in a cost-effective manner so that everyone can purchase it (Baker, 2014) If they keep the prices down, the customers from all the financial backgrounds will be able to buy it. Positioning and market fit requirements Target customers The target customers for both the companies are broad and extensive. Target customers are segmented across different income groups and age groups. Customers from the bottom of the pyramid are looking for the cheaper alternative for transportation and customers from the top of the pyramid are looking for fitness alternative and sustainable development (Loveridge Mok 2012). Moreover, customers are also geographically targeted, which helps both the companies to have their more full market reach in different locations. Marketing mix The free electricity bikes are very much environment-friendly and customer friendly as well (Prist et al., 2016). The product is very much cost effective (Gordon, 2012). Price The price of the products should be kept between AUD 1400 to AUD 2000. The companies can offer various financial schemes for the customers like several business schemes (Gordon, 2012). They should provide the vehicles at low EMI rates. Promotion Social media marketing will be beneficial for both the organizations. This is due to the reason that, social media marketing will help in effectively determining the market tren and requirement along with generating positive word of mouth (Moshrefjavadi et al., 2012). Celebrity endorsements will be the other useful promotional tools. It will help in reach out to more number of customers leveraging the star power (Gordon, 2012). Apart from the social media, TVC and print media can also be initiated due to their higher market penetration. They should encourage the use of the con friendly energy like tidal power and solar energy (Gordon, 2012). Place The companies should sell the ebikes from several outlets across the country (Khan, 2014). The regional outlets should be opened by the companies to sell the products to support the brand extension methods. Consumption and purchasing patterns The primary target audience of the ebikes should be the young people as they are very fond of making the adventures (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The young boys should be their chief target market. The income levels of the target market should be the people from the lower and middle-income levels. Thus all the people should be able to afford these products of electricity free ebikes. The technological facilities like several electronic gadgets within the target countries should be utilized by all the companies effectively (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). The young people and young boys mean the age group from 18 to 30 years of age. Cross national segments The trans-national segments meaning the market segments that are spread across all over the world. These are opposite to the cross-national segments will have to be found out through a proper survey indeed. The customers will have to be divided according to their nationalities. Thus the companies will be able to provide the best services according to the demands of the customers (Hassan Craft, 2012). As the German and French people are very fond of stylish products, they will provide the ebikes with style. The British people prefer elegance so the ebikes supplied to these companies will be full of elegant looks. The other countries they can focus on are Germany, Belgium and Netherlands. Universal segmentation The universal target segmentation for the ebikes will focus on the improvement of the rural areas of the target countries. Ebikes are very important and beneficial for the economically backward people since those bikes will cater to get all the household materials (Hassan Craft, 2012). There are some specific purposes for the diverse people from diverse financial backgrounds. The rural people who do not have the necessary electricity facilities can use the free electricity bikes properly indeed. The people from the higher economic backgrounds can opt for those ebikes for the fitness issues. Customer value proposition Determination of the customer value proposition involves a few steps. The first step is the analyzing the need of the customers and the value being offered. It is vital for both the organizations to identify the gap between the requirements of the customers and value of the products being offered. The next step is to design the value proposition by the change in the market requirements to efficiently fulfil the customer expectations. The next step involves the adaption of the stated value proposition in the organizational culture of the company. The organizational strategy and culture should be integrated in such way that it can adapt to the frequent change in the market scenario. The next step involves both the organizations implementing efficient and proper communication channels to communicate the value propositions to the customers. Social media market will be beneficial in this step. The last level is the review. It is essential due to the reason that it will help in identifying the issues with the current propositions and rectify those accordingly. User experience The user experience is a precious thing in the sales quantity for the ebikes that the two companies sell (Fyhri Fearnley, 2015). The users or the customers bear a good impression on the products. They can show it off to their neighbours as well. If they are satisfied with the quality of the products, they might recommend it to their friends as well. Thus the sales will increase (Fyhri Fearnley, 2015). Global consumer culture positioning The global customers will want the better branding of the ebikes from both the companies. Reef Bikes will try to provide the best quality products for the global consumers. They would be able to offer the online services for the global customers. They can opt for free shipping of the products (Hassan Craft, 2012). Local consumer culture positioning The local customers will have to be provided the best services indeed. The local customers can buy the products from different outlets of the companies. In this context, the companies will deliver the products to the customers within a proper time. Thus the brand value of the companies will undoubtedly increase (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Market entry The continent of Europe has always been full of technological innovations around the globe (Schuster Holtbrgge, 2012). This is why they have aimed for the European countries. It is recommended that joint venture should be initiated by both the companies. This is due to the reason that, initiation of the joint venture will help in reducing the risk of entering in foreign countries along with the reducing the rate of investment in the foreign countries. A joint venture will help these companies in forming strategic alliances with any domestic partners in the host country. This will assist them in efficiently determining the local market requirements and offering the products accordingly. Also, presence of the local partners also reduces the number of investments. Brand Positioning These e-bikes will be positioned as a cheaper and pollution free mode of transport over the conventional ones (Huang Sarigll, 2014). Though, the initial cost of the e-bikes will be higher compared to the traditional mode of transports. However, the operating cost will be much lower along with having smaller or zero emission. These will be positioned as more sustainable options over others available substitutes (Schuster Holtbrgge, 2012). The key selling propositions for these e-bikes will be the environment friendliness and zero emission. In the current scenario, these propositions will be more efficient due to the recent issue of environmental degradation. The different market strategy theories can be helped by the Conclusion This paper can be concluded by saying ebikes is one of the most prolific innovations in the modern era. The customers have become the frenzy of possessing the ebikes. The target market of the ebikes manufacturing countries is the young generation. This is why the companies are keen on providing the customers with the best ebikes products. They are very conscious of meeting the requirements of the customers properly. These are the reasons the companies are focusing on making the ebikes become a common thing in every house, References Allen, G., Dar, A. (2013). Foreign direct investment. House of Commons Library Standard Note SN/EP/1828. www. parliament. uk/briefing-papers/sn01828. pdf (accessed July 4, 2013). Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy. Business horizons, 55(3), 261-271. Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 531-536). Springer, Cham. Fyhri, A., Fearnley, N. (2015). Effects of e-bikes on bicycle use and mode share. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 36, 45-52. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 20(2), 122-126. Hassan, S. S., Craft, S. (2012). Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies. Journal of Consumer marketing, 29(5), 344-356. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to a market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors (pp. 113-132). 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