Commercial banks Essay Example for Free

Business banks Essay Theoretical This report depends on corporate social duty. This undertaking report contains the importance of CSR which incorporates the benefit of CSR towards bank, society, obligation of corporate houses, target of CSR, thought process of CSR, duty towards client. This archive is about multidimensional development of clients for which the bank subject for their administration selling. This procedure prompts upliftment of individuals life. The banks are not tie to do as such however the do these sort of exercises for making an altruism sense among their client which prompts development in way of life of the general society. This gives better condition to the general public in which the bank is working. Consequently, the current examination named â€Å"A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS CUSTOMERS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN MADURAI†, has expected more noteworthy criticalness. Presentation Corporate social obligation ( CSR, likewise called corporate heart, corporate citizenship, social execution, or maintainable mindful business/Responsible Business) is a type of corporate self-guideline incorporated into a plan of action. CSR strategy capacities as an inherent, self-guideline component whereby a business screens and guarantees its dynamic consistence with the actual intent of the law, moral gauges, and universal standards. CSR is a procedure with mean to grasp duty regarding the banks activities and energize a positive effect through its exercises on the earth, purchasers, workers, networks, partners and every single other individual from the open circle who may likewise be considered as partners. Articulation OF THE PROBLEM Banks assume a functioning job for the financial advancement of any nation. In a present serious condition bank needs to hold its client for powerful improvement in any area. Thus there emerges requirement for corporate social duty then just it will prompts improvement of society just as development in bank part. The current examination intends to know the adequacy of CSR in business manages an account with exceptional reference to Madurai. In this setting following inquiries emerges. To gauge the degree of social commitment To quantify the degree of viability of corporate social duty towards clients of business banks. Destinations OF THE STUDY: To contemplate the adequacy of corporate social obligation towards clients of business banks. System The current investigation is an observational one dependent on the study technique. Direct information was gathered from the field through meeting plan. Information identifying with different clients of business banks in Madurai was assembled through meeting plan. The timetable organized was widely pretested. The study imagined the use of accommodation inspecting. In this manner an example of 300 respondents was settled on nature of the business banks in Madurai. The review was led during 2012-2013 in business banks from state Bank of India, Indian bank, Canara Bank, Karurvysya bank, HDFC bank, Axis bank, ICICI bank in Madurai. Investigation INTERPRETATION GARRET RANKING Garret Ranking is utilized to discover the positioning for respondents supposition towards the improving client esteem for open part, private division, and New age banks. Step I: Ranking offered by respondents input on upgrading client esteem TABLE 1 Positioning OF RESPONDENTS supposition towards improving client esteem. S.No.AttributesRankTotal 12345 1.Sharing bank details1866231129300 2.Comfortable0120524880300 3.Time management00018282300 4.Man management1515765270300 5.Filling forms22120539213300 Source: Primary Data Step II : The allocated positions by the respondents were changed over into percent position an incentive by the equation given beneath. For every percent position, Using Garrett’s table, relating Garrett’s table worth is gotten. Equation Percent Position = 100 (Rij †0.5)/Nj Rij = Rank given for the ith variable by the jth respondent Nj = Number of factors positioned by the jth respondent. GARRETT’S TABLE VALUE RanksCalculationPercentageGarrett’s Table Value I Rank=100*(1-0.5)/5= 10= 75 II Rank=100*(2-0.5)/5= 30= 60 III Rank=100*(3-0.5)/5= 50= 50 IV Rank=100*(4-0.5)/5= 70= 40 V Rank=100*(5-0.5)/5= 90= 25 Source: Computed information. Step III: Scores are acquired concerning Garrett’s Table worth, and every rate position esteem is changed over into scores. Here each totaled positions are duplicated with comparing the Garrett’s esteem got in the table. Accumulated RANKS Sl. No.AttributesRank 12345 1.Sharing bank details1395037201550840225 2.Comfortable07200260033602000 3.Time management00012607050 4.Man management113253420325018900 5.Filling forms1650720026506440325 Source: Computed information. Step IV: Summation of the scores is worked out for each position section and means scores determined by partitioning the all out score by the quantity of respondents. At last, by and large positioning is gotten by doling out positions 1, 2, 3 †¦ in the diving request of mean score. Generally speaking RANKING for respondents feeling on improving client esteem S. No.ReasonTotal ScoreAverageRank 1.Sharing bank details2028567.6I 2.Comfortable1526050.53IV 3.Time management831027.7V 4.Man management1988566.28II 5.Filling forms1826560.89III Induction It is seen from the table Sharing bank details† has been positioned as the first for the Man the board has been positioned second, Filling structures third position, trailed by Comfortable in fourth position with Time the executives positioned as the fifth that impacts the respondents feeling on improving client esteem the in bank’s End In spite of the fact that making consumer loyalty is definitely not a prime inspiration for organizing corporate social Responsibility programs , research connecting CSR procedures with positive client results, for example, steadfastness, has prompted the desire that these systems for the most part have positive stream on impacts for clients. Banking industry overviews have prompted the recognizable proof of a confound between customer fulfillment levels and enormous spending on CSR programs. Further examination is justified. Taking into account research proposing that retail banking clients lean toward activities that make direct client benefits contrasted with those that have more extensive social effects. To finish up the CSR exercises in all the three investigation banks are not successful. It is appropriate time on their to advance CSR related exercises.

The Gift Of The Magi A Continuation free essay sample

Exposition, Research Paper THE GIFT OF THE MAGI It was one hebdomad from Della? s thirtieth birthday celebration and Jim didn? Ts have satisfactory cash to buy her a present. ? All things considered, ? Jim thought, ? in the event that I wear? Ts have a ticker so for what reason would it be advisable for me to have a link for one? ? Along these lines, he sold his ticker connection so as to hold cash for Della? s these days. ? Presently, what do I buy Della? ? he asked himself. ? I think I? ll go to the swap meet and articulation for something, since one little corroded old connection won? T buy me extremely much, ? Jim expressed as he began siting his bicycle to the market. At the market Jim discovered numerous things, some actually sensibly and costly, some actually sensibly and modest, and some just plain appalling things that had been at that place for a little while and ever would be until they were in the long run misled. ? Omigosh, is that DDDDeeDDDe # 8230 ; ? ? Jim faltered in awe. Be what he had seen existent? Or on the other hand would he say he was simply jumping to choices? Was that genuinely the hair that Della had sold simply 2 mature ages prior? It was, and Jim imagined that Della would potentially like it back, so he got it for 2 pennies and he was so upbeat and he thought he had the best present anybody could ever give their better half. ? Presently, ? Jim thought, ? will this be an utile blessing, and I wear? t mean in a couple of mature ages, this clasp I need to procure it right, ? So Jim thought for two yearss straightforwardly. At last he concocted an idea, ? I? ll do it into a wig, a miss can neer hold to numerous wigs. ? So he went to the wig store, which ordinarily only made those white meshed wigs that all the of import work powers wore, however the wigmaker made an avoidance in light of the fact that Jim was an old buddy and all things considered, it was for a misss birthday. The wigmaker asked, ? Is it accurate to say that you are sure Della will wish this present, I mean it is rather lopsided, and Della? s hair has just developed twice every piece long as this. Be that as it may, wear? T gain me wrong, I? m non trying to be uncouth, I mean, great I think I? ll simply procure began this wig directly off, OK, bye. ? So Jim left, accepting that the wigmaker was a little out of his head that twenty-four hours. The accompanying twenty-four hours, which was the twenty-four hours before Della? s birthday, the wigmaker called Jim. ? Hi, Umm, did you want this wig colored, or left red? What's more, I can? t do a wig that fits except if Della? s caput is estimated, what will you never really out without inspiring her instincts? ? Jim addressed flimsily, ? Well I surmise I? ll simply need to that? s all, and of class non, Don? T you dare color that wonderful shade of hair, it? s the prettiest I? ve ever observed. ? The wigmaker answered, ? Alright, however I despite everything need to cognize her caput size actually in a matter of seconds so as to finish the chapeau, are you sure you like that shading? ? ? I? m non inept, what I state I need is the thing that I need. Presently, I will pass on the measurings over each piece in no time as I get them, ? Jim answered discourteously. ? Della, ? Jim answered, winded from running all the way to the shop and dorsum to buy a tape step, ? I request to procure your measurings for something, would you be able to come here? ? Della obeys accepting potentially another dress as a these days. ? What estimations do you require, nectar? ? Della replied in her best voice. Jim said? I have to procure your caput size for something, that? s all. ? ? All things considered, Okay, ? Della answered amazed from the start, thus understood that she must gain a chapeau for her birthday. Along these lines at the wig store. ? There, it? s all completed ; make you like it Jim? ? asked the wigmaker. Jim stated, ? It? s incredible, wear? t you think? You wear? t articulation to secure with it? ? The wigmaker answered, lying, ? It? s extraordinary, after all it? s the thought that matters, isn't that so? . ? ? Certain thing Phil, great, g otta travel, tomorrow? s Della? s birthday, are you venturing out to be at that place? ? ? Certain Jim, I? ll be there. ? Said the wigmaker. It is Della? s birthday, all of Jim and Della? s companions are at their place, and she starts to open nowadayss. She will be opening Jim? s these days first. ? I wonder what it could be? ? Della claims, rather blissfully. She loosens the string, cautiously fixes the aureate wrapper paper, opens the case, and simple takes out the tissue paper, piece by piece. ? I? m really left, ? she says as the principal piece buoys to the floor. ? I can scarcely pause, I realize it will be incredible, ? she says as the second tissue is lifted up. ? This is the last one, it? s it? s # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; it? s a wig! ! ! ? Della cries so anyone might hear and agitate. ? It is simply a bit of foul old hair, more terrible yet it? s individual else? s who could hold sources. How challenging you, you, you? Jim yells back, so as to be heard by the blast of Della, ? My Sweet, it? s your extremely ain hair, the hair wherein you trim off to buy me a Christmas these days, doesn? T that mean anything to you? Furthermore, I thought it was the possibility that tallied. ? Be that as it may, Della was to disturbed to tune in to ground. She yelled at him, ? I detest you, I really loathe you. How challenging you give me a useless shred, obtain off from me, I neer need to see you again, I? m pressing and go forthing tomorrow! ? As she got done with talking she ran into her resting room, bolted the entryway, and dropped onto her bed, yelling her eyes out. Della left the accompanying twenty-four hours, non in any event, expressing farewell to Jim. Jim was grief stricken. He got off out of disgrace for being so dum. For the accompanying 30 mature ages he kept the wig, which had been tossed back in his face by his dearest, and he grieved his misfortune. He pledged that on the off chance that he could ever se Della again, he could do up for his ineptitude. It is 34 mature ages after Della left Jim. Jim had aforesaid been going the state, lastly settled in Della? s place town, believing that some time or another she too much would return. Fortunate for him, she returned, for her 64th birthday. She needed to pass it with her sibling, David, and his family unit. David and Jim had been companions ever since they met when Della and Jim began seeing one another. David is the manner by which Jim had been keeping up beware of where Della was. At this point, Della was old, dark, with short monstrous hair. On Della? s birthday, Jim appeared, with the wig covering in a container. Della opened the entryway and solidified, staggered. ? Jim, it, it? s been for such a long time, what are you doing here? ? Della asked shakily. Jim answered, ? All things considered, I have neer overlooked you Della, I despite everything love you and trust you could pardon me. ? ? All things considered, I shouldn? Ts have been as savage to you as I seemed to be, yet at the same time, that was a dum move, ? Della said. Jim expressed conciliatory, ? It was an idiotic these days things being what they are, however would you take it now? It kinda fits the situation better Wear? T you think? However, I am non hinting that you look terrible now, If I gave you this I wouldn? T need you to have on it if your simply around me on the off chance that you didn? T privation, since I wear? t think you? ve transformed the slightest bit. ? Jim says, taking the container from behind him and passing it to Della. She opens it, and it? s the old wig, however cleaned and prepped of class. Della stammers, ? I, I, I wear? T realize what to state. I love it, and it? s valid with me other than. I have neer adored any other person in any case, you. ? Jim asks, ? Della, will you get hitched me? ? ? Indeed, goodness truly, of class I will get hitched you. ? Della says as she puts on the old wig. Della and Jim lived happily ever after, until 2 mature ages consequently when the two of them kicked the bucket together in a dreadful auto bang.

Jekyll and Hyde Essay Introduction and Para 1

I will compose an exposition on Robert Louis Stevenson’s heavenly story, the abnormal instance of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, which was the motivation for heaps of present day films indicating double nature of humankind e. g. The Hulk, Two Face and The Nutty Professor to give some examples. The story is told for the most part in third individual by Mr Utterson the attorney, it is about the researcher Dr Jekyll and his â€Å"friend†, the loathed Mr Hyde. Utterson suspects that Hyde might be paying off Jekyll when Jekyll changes his will to one where in case of his demise all his cash and his home will be given to Hyde. Anyway when Hyde vanishes after mercilessly killing the exceptionally regarded Sir Danvers Carew, Utterson is satisfied, yet when Jekyll begins acting bizarre and won't leave the limits of his cupboard Utterson gets stressed and after Jekyll turns into a hermit and starts setting peculiar expectations in a voice that isn't his own, Jekyll’s steward and Utterson separate the doctor’s entryway to discover Hyde lying dead on the floor from evident self destruction. The story is later clarified in the novella through the declaration of Dr Lanyon, in which he uncovers that he saw a change of Hyde to Jekyll and afterward clarified in more detail by Jekyll. For reasons unknown, Hyde was the aftereffect of one of Dr Jekyll’s tests, where by drinking the ‘transforming draught’ he turns into the despised character who was simply the direct inverse of his standard thing. After some time Jekyll ended up changing without drinking the elixir, and when the medication ran out he got caught as Hyde. After drinking the absolute last of the medication Jekyll composes, ‘I bring the life of that miserable Henry Jekyll to an end’. I thought this book was fascinating and would prescribe it to all. This tale is about the double idea of humankind. Stevenson accepted that each individual had a decent and terrible side to them. The book says a great deal regarding Victorian culture as they were completely intended to be awesome individuals however heaps of them were degenerate inside. The characters inside this novel show his hypothesis about this well overall. For instance Jekyll is an all around regarded man, who was ‘born to a huge fortune’ and ‘fond of regard of the astute and great among my individual men†¦ with each assurance of a respectable and recognized future’. Like the vast majority in Victorian culture Dr Jekyll was fixated on regard and he likewise had a shrewd side to him. He despised doing â€Å"evil† things, for example, betting and drinking so much that he chose to make an elixir to part his character in two. At the point when he previously became Hyde, the shrewd side of his character he felt ‘younger, lighter and more joyful in body’ which is on the grounds that his detestable side would not be as evolved as his great side as he has accomplished more great than insidious in his life. He delighted in being Hyde in light of the fact that he could do fiendish things without outcome or individuals discovering, or so he thought. He believed he didn't have to feel regretful about the things he had done as they in fact weren’t him.

Alexander the Great - One Of The Best Leaders - Free Essay Example

Alexander the Great was born in Macedonia in a Greek kingdom. As a kid, he was taught a variety of subjects such as government, philosophy, and poetry from Aristotle. Learning these subjects as a young child helped Alexander conquer nations later in his life. Alexander led his military into numerous victories and never accepted defeat once. Alexander defeated the Persians even while being outnumbered after he continued his victories in Afghanistan and India. Alexander the Great had a great behavior toward leadership, he led his military to many victories with a purpose and common stake which made him team management. He was people focused and focused on long-term goals making him a transformation leader. He carried the situational leadership trait due to his actions. And finally, Alexander contained many different adaptive leadership traits which resulted in him being such a successful man. Alexander was a team manager because of his success in conquering and defeating countries. He accomplished the perfect military by having committed troops. He earned his followers trust and respect by showing them that the mission was not just about himself and provided self-care to his army. He did not tolerate raping, stealing, or using violence toward one another. This didnt only make his army respect him as a leader, but it allowed each troop to respect one another. Alexander also allowed his men to believe in their own religion and had different religious groups. This was a cause of everyone building relationships and had a beneficial outcome of respect. He also demonstrated team manager leadership characteristics by being inspiring and addressing his troops to a problem before it was yet to happen. Alexander and his military were all on the same page and knew the main purpose, which was spreading the Greek culture. Alexander the Great, in my opinion, was in between transactional leadership and transformational leadership. I say this because he was very task focused and success was awarded, but he was also very people focused and focused on long-term goals. However, Alexander was mostly a transformational leader in the end. He was a transformation leader for many reasons, one being that he was people focused. He would take care of his troops and be sure that they were well fed and healthy. He also would not allow rape, stealing, or violence with each other. He was also very inspiring, he knew by inspiring his troops and giving them the motivation needed that they would follow him. Alexander and his military were focused on long-term goals, which was conquering the middle east and spreading the Greek culture, he was also set on contacting the west and east to increase trade and sharing ideas. Alexander was able to develop relationships with the idea of free religion. He contained many great attri butes which resulted in Alexander in being a transformational leader. Alexander was a situation leader because he focused on two main things, Task behavior and relationship behavior. He developed a relationship with his men by putting himself through the same pain everyone else was going through. As an example, they were traveling through the desert and everyone was suffering from thirst. All the troops gathered the last of the water they had and gave it to Alexander. He got the water and threw it into the sand. He did this to show his men that he was going to suffer with them and he was going to go through the same pain as everyone else. This created a strong relationship and gave them confidence. He also provided emotional support to his men. He would always address the problem to his troops beforehand or before it escalated. Alexander contained many different adaptive leadership characteristics. He was very confident in himself and in his military. While leading his troops into Persia he knew that they were outnumbered, and the odds were against him. But because he was confident in his army they pushed forward and resulted in a surprising victory. He was also very driven, Alexander had the will to conquer and defeat many different countries and spread the Greek culture. He showed tolerance by allowing his troops to have a freedom of religion. He demonstrated self-awareness because at times he knew that his army was outnumbered, and he was lacking men, but he knew they were stronger and more proficient than any other army. He was very much a risk taker because he insisted in traveling even while him and his men were hurting of thirst and hunger, also because he battled the Persians when he could have easily lost the battle because of the lack of troops compared to Persia. He was a great communicator and m ade sure everyone knew the plan and what was happening. By never losing a battle and always coming out with a victorious win he showed that he was tactically and technically proficient. After all it is easy to see how Alexander the Great was one of the best leaders in history. He was proficient in leading his armies to countless victories and never allowing defeat to cross his path. He demonstrated the leader characteristics needed to become this successful. He was also very adaptive and didnt let obstacles become an issue that most people would. Alexander wasnt just known for his victories in conquering countries, but also known for taking care of his men and earning respect, this is what made Alexander the Great go down in history as one of the be military leaders this world has seen.

Ways to Reduce Your Exposure to BPA

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical widely used in common plastic products, such as baby bottles, children’s toys, and the linings of most food and beverage cans. Many scientific studies—including the largest study of BPA ever conducted on humans—have found links between BPA and serious health problems, from heart disease, diabetes, and liver abnormalities in adults to developmental problems in the brains and hormonal systems of children. Recent studies have documented negative health consequences, while others find no ill effects. Endocrine disruptors are notoriously difficult to study, as they may be more dangerous at very low doses than at higher doses. Depending on your tolerance for risk, you might want to minimize your exposure to BPA. Given the wide use of BPA in so many products we encounter every day, it is probably impossible to completely eliminate your exposure to this potentially harmful chemical. Still, you can lower your exposure—and your risk of possible health problems associated with BPA—by taking a few simple precautions. In 2007, the Environmental Working Group hired an independent laboratory to conduct an analysis of BPA in many different canned foods and beverages. The study found that the amount of BPA in canned food varies widely. Chicken soup, infant formula, and ravioli had the highest concentrations of BPA, for example, while condensed milk, soda, and canned fruit contained much less of the chemical. Here are a few tips to help you lower your exposure to BPA. Eat Fewer Canned Foods The easiest way to lower your intake of BPA is to stop eating so many foods that come into contact with the chemical. Eat fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables, which usually have more nutrients and fewer preservatives than canned foods, and taste better, too. Choose Cardboard and Glass Containers Over Cans Highly acidic foods, such as tomato sauce and canned pasta, leach more BPA from the lining of cans, so it’s best to choose brands that come in glass containers. Soups, juices, and other foods packaged in cardboard cartons made of layers of aluminum and polyethylene plastic (labeled with a number 2 recycling code) are safer than cans with plastic linings containing BPA. Do Not Microwave Polycarbonate Plastic Food Containers Polycarbonate plastic, which is used in packaging for many microwaveable foods, may break down at high temperatures and release BPA. Although manufacturers are not required to say whether a product contains BPA, polycarbonate containers that do are usually marked with a number 7 recycling code on the bottom of the package. Choose Plastic or Glass Bottles for Beverages Canned juice and soda often contain some BPA, especially if they come in cans lined with BPA-laden plastic. Glass or plastic bottles are safer choices. For portable water bottles, glass and stainless steel are best, but most recyclable plastic water bottles do not contain BPA. Plastic bottles with BPA are usually marked with a number 7 recycling code. Turn Down the Heat To avoid BPA in your hot foods and liquids, switch to glass or porcelain containers, or stainless steel containers without plastic liners. Use Baby Bottles That Are BPA-Free As a general rule, hard, clear plastic contains BPA while soft or cloudy plastic does not. Most major manufacturers now offer baby bottles made without BPA. However, a recent study published in the journal Endocrinology evaluated an alternative plastic compound (BPS) used in products labeled as BPA-free, and unfortunately, it also was found to create significant hormonal disruptions in a fish species. Further studies are needed to determine how concerned we should be for the effects on human health. Use Powdered Infant Formula Instead of Pre-mixed Liquid A study by the Environmental Working Group found that liquid formulas contain more BPA than powdered versions. Practice Moderation The fewer canned foods and beverages you consume, the less your exposure to BPA, but you don’t have to cut out canned foods altogether to reduce your exposure and lower your potential health risks. In addition to eating less canned food overall, limit your intake of canned foods that are high in BPA.

Broader Social Context - 719 Words

Question: What are the major components in sociology to see the broader social context? Social Context: In order to see the broader social context we must need to understand first what social context actually is? Social context is the indirect and direct influence of individuals that are in constant communication. It is basically a social environment in which people of different type lives. This environment influences the life of an individual and tells us how these people are influenced by their society i-e. a group of people sharing a same culture, tradition, religion or territory. It is all about how people of different classification differ from each other. Broader Social Context: To see the broader side of the social†¦show more content†¦They act and react on situations in a very different manner from each other. If one thinks he is right then the other one tries to prove him wrong and make himself right. For instance, a little boy wants to play on the road side and his parents forbid him to do so, he will start thinking that his parents are his foes and they don’t like to see him playing but that same kid will react in the same manner when he would become a parent himself. That is howShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Human Behavior By Placing It Within It Broader Social Context2120 Words   |  9 Pages 1. Sociological Perspective/pg.3: â€Å"understanding human behavior by placing it within it broader social context.† So far in the video you see how the gang and how they come about and form basically a Society (â€Å"people who share a culture and a territory†) The video shows mostly immigrants being the big population of these gangs, marking territory, and rounding up people to be in this culture with them. 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Business free essay sample

Now suppose the government imposes a per unit sales tax of 20 pence per kilogram in the butter market. What are the implications for the market equilibrium price and quantity? [Tutors: Please start by drawing a diagram to show the impact of the tax and the compute the new equilibrium. The post-tax price paid by consumers is computed by recognising that the consumer and producer prices are different. We can thus restate the demand and supply functions for butter as: Qd = 20 – 0. 05Pc Qs = – 10 + 0. 20Ps , where Ps is the price suppliers receive and Pc is the price paid by consumers. The tax drives a wedge between the price consumers pay and the price suppliers receive, such that t = Pc – Ps. If we substitute Ps = Pc t into the supply equation we obtain: Qs = – 10 + 0. 20(Pc t) , If we set demand equal to supply we have: 20 – 0. 05Pc = -10 + 0. 2(Pc – t) Hence: Pc = (30 + 0. 20? 20)/0. 25 = 136. Thus, the post-tax price is ? 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 36 per kilogram. Substituting the price into demand (it could also have been substituted into the supply function), we can compute the post-tax equilibrium quantity: Qd = 20 – 0. 05? 136 = 13. 2 thousand kilograms of butter per day. The price received by suppliers is given by Ps = Pc – t = 136 – 20 = 116. (b) Who incurs the greater burden of the tax – consumers or producers? We know that the pre-tax price was ? 1. 20. After the tax, the consumer pays 16 pence more and the supplier receives 4 pence less. The consumer burdens 80% of the tax and the producer only 20%. (c) Compute and interpret the deadweight loss of taxation in this market. (Note: the deadweight loss is also known as the excess burden) The upper triangle is [1. 36 – 1. 20]? 0. 5? [14-13. 2] = ? 0. 064 thousand or ? 64 per day. The lower triangle is [1. 20 – 1. 16]? 0. 5? [14-13. 2] = ? 0. 016 thousand or ? 16 per day. The overall tax take per day is 0. 2? 13. 2 = ? 2. 64 thousand or ? 2640 per day. The deadweight losses or the excess burden of taxation represents only ? 80 per day or 3% of the tax revenue. The small excess burden of taxation in this case is due to the inelastic demand for butter and its corresponding inelastic supply. 2. An economics lecturer is considering leaving the University of Sussex and opening a consultancy business. For his services as a consultant he would be paid ? 5,000 per annum. To establish the business the lecturer must convert into an office a house he currently owns and from which he collects rents of ? 1000 per month. He must hire a secretary at a salary of ? 20,000 per year and must withdraw ? 10,000 from his 10% per annum fixed rate savings account to use for miscellaneous expenses. The University of Sussex pays the economics lecturer ? 35,000 per year. On the basis of a purely economic analysis, do you predict that the economics lecturer will leave the University to start up his own business? In other words output continues to rise but at a diminishing rate. Remember that output initially increases at an increasing rate, then increases at a decreasing rate, then may decrease. In the first phase the MP is rising but when more of the variable input is added to the fixed factor the rate of increase in output starts to fall and this is where the MP starts to fall and the law of diminishing returns sets in. If output actually declines as more of the variable input is added to the fixed factor, the MP must be negative. b) Property taxes, building insurance payments and depreciation of plant and equipment are fixed costs. True. These are all costs that do not vary with output and so are fixed costs. (c) The opportunity cost refers to the cost that a firm incurs to retain the use of the input for the firm. True. These are the implicit costs a firm incurs to retain its inputs. (d) If long-run total costs rise faster than output then we have the case of increasing returns to scale. False. If total costs are rising faster than output it must mean that average costs are rising. This is not the case of increasing returns to scale (or economies of scale) but of decreasing returns to scale (or diseconomies of scale). (e) Diminishing returns and decreasing returns to scale are different ways of saying the same thing. False. This is a common fallacy. There is no direct relationship between the concept of diminishing returns and the concept of returns to scale. The former (diminishing returns) represents a short-run concept where certain factors are held fixed and the latter (decreasing returns to scale) represents a long-run concept where all inputs are allowed to vary. If marginal cost is above the average cost, the average cost must be falling. False if MC is above AC, then AC must be rising. If the marginal cost is above the average cost then each additional unit produced is adding a cost to the firm that is above the average. If you add a number to the average that is greater than the average, the average must rise. For instance, the average of the following sequence 2,4,6 is 4. If we add 8 to this sequence, the marginal number, and take the average we obtain 5. Conversely, if we add 2 to this sequence we get an average of 3. 5. Business free essay sample The Woodson Foundation, a large nonprofit social service agency is teaming up with the public school system in Washington D. C. to improve student outcomes. There’s ample room for improvement. The schools have problems with truancy, low student performance, and crime. New staff quickly burn out as their initial enthusiasm for helping students is blunted by the harsh realities they encounter in the classroom. Turnover among new teachers is very high, and many of the best and brightest are the most likely to leave for schools that aren’t as troubled. The Stags of Group Development for the Woodsom foundation in building a cohesive coalition The First Stage is bringing the new plan in development is forming an executive development committee or team with the help of Human Resource to choose the right candidates for the jobs. The Second Stage will be Storming which gives conflict towards each and individual group and creates doubts also each group have its own interests and some cases they can directly opposed to one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Business or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For this stage they have to be work as a team and leave all the intensive and doubtful behavior outside of the team. Then only this stage work The Third Stage will be Norming in this for the achieving the certain purpose the goals have set up to start the performance and the team has learn how to set aside your doubts and how to learn work productively together. Who will do what work and how it will be accomplished The Final but not the least is Performing this stage will give us the satisfaction when the actual team work together to achieving the goal set up by the organization, and all the productivity have been shows and achieved. The Group has stuck in the stages of Forming and Storming as they were not able to get over their own thought and was not able to fully synchronize to achieving the given goal to them. Identifying the Problems in Woodsom Foundation

The Changes in the Public Domain

The article â€Å"The Public Domain† by Richard Sannett brings out the balance between the private and public lifestyles. The analogy presented compares between the early Roman Empire with the modern times through analysis and explanation of the similarity between people’s views regarding the public space. He writes about â€Å"love outside the public domain† where he expounds his claims of sexuality being socially measurable through its dimensions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Changes in the Public Domain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to his writing, the modern person is rebellious to the sexual expression and this revolutionary hinders the eminent perception regarding sexuality. Selfishness or egotism denies the modern person opportunities because of viewing the significance of an event or a person as the benefits of an engagement. Today, people consider commitment as a restriction for prospective chances to gain or experience new things. People have traded off social participation for self-gain. According to Richard Sannett, today the public space suffers from abandonment and it receives a non-existent perception for instance (p. 13), a London built house â€Å"the Brunswick Centre† has a middle public space with just a few shops however, majority part of the space is practically empty. People consider this vacant space as an area to pass through and not to occupy with other practices or businesses. The public moreover utilizes less space since most of its area suffers from bunging from the most important avenues of London. It lessens the public feelings and this is the main reason why most people tend to seek out better definitive private space. Richard Sannett also talks of the various changes found in the public domain. His iteration persuades people to understand the shift by ensuring they are aware of the difference between public and private. The meaning of the â€Å"public sphere† has undergone wide transformation to the current definition of life outside the family setting or that, which does not involve close friends. People’s needs and interdependence styles of living have drastically declined from the desire to be in charge of public life to a desire of avoiding it. During the nineteenth century (p. 25), the reorganization of the worldly code had a huge impact on the public life, thus killing people’s aspiration to engage in it. People considered the public space as an eternal domain and therefore going close by appeared to be a disgrace. Today the public life is comparable to the decline of the Roman Empire and has become a formal obligation. People seek the reflection of their consciousness on authenticity of the feelings as opposed to a manifestation of principals. The ideas of psychology of private life in the modern times are hectic considering that the lack of independence regardi ng social interaction, environmental influences and impulsive differences in generations is important.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conscious mind remains as the only private life that cannot suffer the harsh social conditions and thus it lingers as an isolated entity for protection. This means that the inner personality has become a principal burden within and thus it is impossible to understand oneself as the basis to understanding the world. The refinement of personality is extremely severe for arrival at a private principal. We lack the ability to give account of ourselves and it becomes more difficult to experience and express feelings. Under the current meaning of â€Å"private†, the society is only meaningful when converted as a complete spiritual system. For instance according to the normal perception, a politician job entails drafting and executing legisla tion but this does not trigger the concern of the society until there is a political struggle that shows their personalities. The perception is credible and legitimate but this can only get judgement through analysis of actions exposed especially to solve a conflict. According to Sennett’s writing, people are obsessed with persons at the expense of critical social relations and this is the reason we are not able to legitimize rationality of the society. In the current industrialized society, the imposed believe shows the community as an act of communally shared personal disclosure that undervalues the relationship with strangers. Ironically, this perception inhibits the development of basic personality strengths such as respect for other people privacy. In the present days, people live in a civilized manner where the evil secrets are undisclosed. The public sphere is very important because of bringing individuals and communities together and enables the public agencies to bes tow them with proper leadership. The privately managed organizations also provide guidance over operations that nurture health and power of gathering places. To manage the public space successfully, flexible and responsive management that is strongly based on good decision-making procedures, entrepreneurship ideas, proper funding, networking and public involvement is imperative. The role of the community in the public sphere is to ensure it reflects on people’s needs. The public place ought to be equipped with current social and economical amenities that interests and ensures people stay connected to each other. Facilities such as the park come about through proper use of the sphere. People are able to lounge and participate in the events when the space remains well balanced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Changes in the Public Domain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today the private sphere is evide nt through the Information Communication Technology (ICT). Certain human elements have survived through time such as freedom or need for expression, companionship, necessity for information exchange through connections and communication though involvement. The ICT especially the web technology has broken the digital divide to allow virtual communication that rebuilds any lost communicative aspects. Now the virtual communities fit the explanation of â€Å"third places† as Oldenburg portrays. People boast the need to discover dependable neutral grounds to interact and refuge. This is the â€Å"third place away from the first place; their homes and the second; their work place. The third place deals with issues pertaining public domain. Arguably, the pubs, salons and other social gathering places are a good representation of the third place these days. There has been a great problem within the African American setting regarding the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquire d Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). People were quite about the problem because of the perception that it is associated with consequences of behaviour. The populace in the community remain stigmatized because the issue faces confinement with other aspects of immorality and sinful acts such as promiscuity or drug abuse. A functional community is self-sustaining because of its ability to address the wellbeing of its members and ensure they get direct or indirect approaches. A healthy community is able to discuss and address issues concern with people survival such as HIV/AIDS. This is the role of the public sphere is certainly a creation of encouraging aspects of life such as emotional safety, or a sense of belonging. As Ray Oldenburg would put it, the third place functions has an aspect of compensating functions that are missing in peoples lives because without the community, the individual’s sense of wellbeing translates to poisoning Works Cited Sennett, Richard. â€Å"The Changes in the Public Domain.† The fall of Public Man. New York: Vintage, 1978: 12-27 This essay on The Changes in the Public Domain was written and submitted by user Mallory Oneil to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Architectural Tour of Barcelona essays

An Architectural Tour of Barcelona essays La arquitectura de Barcelona es muy histrico y es escencial ver mientras en la ciudad. Este documento examina la arcitectura en Barcelona dentro de seis emplazamientos muy importantes y famosos. Todos los pedazos de arcitectura viene juntos crear la arcitectura à ºnico a Barcelona. Examino la historia y el origen breve de cada obra de arcitectura tambien. El primero emplazamiento de arcitectura que voy a examinar es La Seu. La Seu es el Catedral de Barcelona. Es muy grande y la arcitecura es muy magnà ­fico. La arcitectura es de gotà ­co y tiene un claustro muy à ºnico por el tiempo. Siguiente es la Casa Batll de Antonio Gaudà ­. Aquà ­ examino la Manzana de la Discordia y la arcitectura modernista del tiempo. Es de 1904-1906 y muchas caracterà ­sticas à ºnicas. Despues la Casa Batll examinamos un otro pedazo de arcitectura por Gaudà ­. Es de los a El Palau de la Mà ºsica Catalana es un maravilloso edificio del tiempo porque es de la Renaixenca en Catalonia. El creador es Domnech I Montaner en 1908 y todavà ­a es un emplazamiento muy importante hoy. Los edificos finales son el Parc Gell y la Sagrada Familia. Los dos son por Gaudà ­ y representan sus expresins mediante de mucho simbolismo. Parc Gell combina influencias por naturaleza y imaginacin mientras la Sagrada Familia combina influencias religios y de nacionalismos. Los dos son de el siglo de decimonoveno temprano. Los dos son las obras grandes de Gaudà ­. Todas las obras son muy famosas y da a Barcelona sus arcitecturas à ºnicas. Es la arcitectura de Barcelona que le da sus cultura grande y identidad à ºnica. Mientras en Barcelona todos tienen que ver especialmente la arcitectura de estes seis edificios grandes. SelecAn Architectural Tour of Barcelona La Seu, Barcelonas Cathedral represents ...

Lakes in Kenya Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lakes in Kenya - Research Paper Example Indeed lakes are important geographical features that are formed through certain processes. A lake is defined by Chave (2001) as a body of inland standing water while oxford dictionaries (2013) defines them as huge masses of water surrounded by dry land. Kenya is a country in Africa that that has several lakes and they are Baringo, Bogoria, Chala, Chew Bahir, Elementaita, Jipe, Kamnarock, Logipi, Magadi, Naivasha, Nakuru, Turkana and Victoria. This paper is going to look at three lakes in Kenya which are Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru and Lake Victoria, their formation, properties, and their economic benefits. Lakes can either be natural or artificial and Chave (2001) says that natural lakes are a result of natural processes while artificial lakes are constructed by man for various purposes such as hydropower generation. The lakes discussed here are natural lakes which have an ecosystem. Lake Bogoria This is a lake in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya and is amongst what some are calling Rif t Valley lakes. These lakes are small, shallow and occupy slightly sloping depressions on the Rift Valley floor (Crafter, 1992). The lake has a length of 21.13 miles and a width of 2.175 it lays north of the equator and it is an alkaline lake. The lake is a tourist attraction site because of its soda water that attracts flamingoes. Another major tourist attraction in Lake Bogoria is the hot water geyser, and steams that are bubbling hot. Geysers are violent gushes of water from under the surface and can get to a height of between 30-60 metres. These geysers are a result of hydrological activities underground. In areas experiencing volcanic activity, water may be heated underground and through fissures get to the surface in form of jets of hot water (McLeish, 1992).It is common sight to see visitors boil eggs in the hot water. Apart from flamingoes there are fish eagles. There are also other wild animals such as gazelles, Kudu, Zebra and Baboons (Magicalkenya .com 2013). Lake Baringo -hot springs (courtesy of Kenyaphotos.wordpress.com) Lake Nakuru This lake which is 1754 m above sea level is found on the Rift Valley and it very popular with tourists to Kenya because of the large of flamingoes it hosts. The lake is in Nakuru County and it is within Lake Nakuru national park. According to magicalkenya.com this is also a soda lake which is alkaline. An alkaline lake is that whose water has a ph of 7 and above. Therefore certain animal and plant species thrive in them while others do not. Living within the park are wild animals such as both black and white rhinos, warthogs, waterbuck, zebra, buffalo and the endangered Rothschild giraffe amongst others. The lake resulted from tensional forces on rocks leading to formation of normal faults secondary faulting followed leading to more subsidence and formation of a hollow that is filled with water (Opati, 2007). This process is characteristic of other rift valley lakes. The park is a source of revenue for the Nakuru Coun ty and a source of employment to many residents. Lake Nakuru if fed by only one river known as river Njoro (inlet) and it does not have an outlet and this is the reason as to why it does not have fish. Lake Nakuru (Picture courtesy of tripadvisor.com) Lake Victoria This is a huge lake whose size is 67,493 sq kms and it is shared by three countries which are Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. According to WorldAtlas (2013), Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the largest tropical lake in the world. Importantly, it is the second largest fresh water lake in the world after Lake Superior in America.Its water flows down the Nile River into Egypt. It was the explorer John Hanning Speke who discovered Lake Victoria as the source of river Nile. McClanahan (1996) says

Radio sounds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Radio sounds - Research Paper Example ENSO is a periodic climate pattern that occurs across the Pacific Ocean, primarily on the tropical band. The southern oscillation refers to the differences on the tropical part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. The cooling down of the southern oscillation (or oceanic phase) is termed La Nià ±a and the warming up is called El Nià ±o. Southern Oscillation also refers to air surface pressure on the tropical part of the Western Pacific Ocean. These two variations occur by pairs: El Nià ±o, or the warm oceanic phase, is accompanied by high air surface pressure in the Western Pacific and the La Nià ±a, or the cold oceanic phase, is accompanied by low air surface pressure, also in the Western Pacific. These differences and oscillations can cause extreme weather conditions such as floods and droughts. This occurs in different parts of the world. The countries that are mostly agricultural, like most Third World countries along the Pacific Ocean that depend of crops for food and fishing, are the ones that are mostly affected. However, the popular term of ENSO is just El Nià ±o, or Little Boy in Spanish. This is because the people in South America observed that the phenomenon occurs around Christmas, and the Little Boy refers to Jesus Christ. La Nià ±a is called so because it is opposite the meaning of El Nià ±o. La Nià ±a means Little Girl in Spanish. Sometimes, it is called the â€Å"anti-El Nià ±o.† The La Nià ±a phenomenon is usually preceded by El Nià ±o. During La Nià ±a, the sea surface temperature in the tropical part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean would be lower than the normal value by 3 to 5 degrees Celsius (as opposed to El Nià ±o having high surface temperatures, in which the temperature of the waters increases by 0.5 degrees Celsius). If the temperature drop occurs for five months straight, that can be called La Nià ±a. The El Nià ±o phenomenon occurs longer from nine months to two years! La Nià ±a is not as famous

Drunk Driving Essay Example for Free

Drunk Driving Essay Drunk driving is a primary cause of highway traffic accidents causing deaths and injuries with enormous monetary costs to society. The drunk driving was first recognized as a policy problem in the literature in 1904, approximately 5 years after the first highway traffic fatality in the United States (Voas and Lacey). In 1982, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration started keeping statistics of alcohol related crashes through its Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) (Stewart and Fell). In 1982, there were 26,173 alcohol related fatalities, which constituted 60% of all highway fatalities. In 2002, about 17,419 or roughly 41% of about 42,815 highway fatalities were estimated to be alcohol related which indicates a 19% change since 1982 (Stewart and Fell). Overall, alcohol related traffic fatalities have reduced by about 33% over the last two decades. Policies implemented to curb drunk driving in the last two decades seem to have an impact on alcohol related fatalities. FARS data shows a 62% decrease (1. 64 to . 61) in alcohol related fatality rate since 1982 (Stewart and Fell). The general decline in the alcohol related fatalities for the general population is believed to be due to a combination of deterrent based laws, increased alcohol awareness and decrease in alcohol consumption, increased publicity about prevention, and general car safety measures (Stewart and Fell). Starting 1980s, drunk driving has been conceptualized as a criminal justice issue. With the effect of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and some other citizen activist groups, the issue has become a public policy problem in which drunk drivers are defined as sinful killers who drink and drive irresponsibly and claim lives of innocent victims. These efforts, according to Ross, created a dominant paradigm which focuses on the blameworthy driver. Thus, framing the issue as of a sin and drunk drivers as deviants has dominated the policymaking process and socially constructed the drunk drivers as a target group with negative connotations in public mind (Meier). Policymakers responded the demands by legislating stricter deterrent based measures to punish those criminal drunk drivers and deter drunk driving to save lives (Ross). Therefore, it is important to examine how drunk driving emerged as a policy problem and how deterrent based laws are introduced and accepted as a solution to the problem. This paper examines also the effects of MADD on legislation of drunk driving laws and effects of those laws on alcohol related fatalities. Background The struggle against drunk driving as a traffic safety problem began in late 1960s. Before 1960s, the federal governments influence on states drunk driving policies was minimal. The national character and seriousness of traffic safety problems prompted Congress to enact the Highway Safety Act and the Motor Vehicle and Traffic Safety Act, in 1966. In 1967, the Secretary of Transportation officially promulgated the first federal drunk driving standards in the National Uniform Standards for State Highway Safety Programs. One of the requirements of this program was for each state to utilize chemical tests for determining blood alcohol levels (BAC) and to enact BAC limits of no greater than . 10 % (Evans et al. ). If an individual is found to be driving with a BAC over a certain threshold they would be arrested for drunk driving. Those standards came with the threat of reducing highway funds for noncompliance. Although some states viewed the 1967 standards and the threats of reducing highway funds as interfering with their sovereign function, they complied with the new standards to participate in highway construction projects. By 1981 all states had adopted the specific standard of . 10 BAC or a lower level. In 1982, the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving was created, and the Alcohol Traffic Safety Act of 1982 established a three-year program to provide highway grants for states that adopted certain anti-drunk driving measures (Evans et al. ). In 1983, the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving recommended that states enact a uniform drinking age of twenty-one years. This approach was ineffective: only four states had done so by 1984. In response, Congress passed legislation requiring highway funding reductions for any state with a drinking age under twenty-one in 1984. That strategy was effective as the states soon began to establish twenty-one-year age limits. By 1986, all but eight states had adopted the twenty-one-year age limits. By 1989, all states had complied with this federal limit. Congress, by promising grants or threatening to withhold funding (carrot and stick from of coercive federalism), has taken an active role in formulating drunk driving policies and in encouraging the states to adopt them (Evans et al. ). On October 23, 2000 President Clinton signed Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2001 that established the first-ever national drunk driving standard at . 08 blood alcohol content (BAC). According to this legislation, states that do not adopt . 08 BAC laws by 2004 would have 2% of highway construction funds withheld, with the penalty increasing to 8% by 2007. States adopting the standard by 2007 would be reimbursed for any lost funds. As of February 2004, 46 states plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have adopted the national . 08 BAC standard. The federal BAC limit was the last, but not the least measure established to curb drunk driving. It was, indeed, the culmination of efforts targeting drunk driving which dates back to early 1980s (MADD). Although a variety of preventative policies including education campaigns, rehabilitation, and control of alcohol sales have been employed to reduce drunk driving, more emphasis has been placed on the use of punitive policy tools such as license revocation, increased fines, and mandatory jail time. Policies designed to change undesired behavior frequently frame drunk driving behavior as sinful or deviant, which suggests that drunk driving may constitute a morality policy. Indeed, drunk drivers are often depicted in the media and policy debates as irresponsible killer drunks. The politics around the issue of drunk driving as a morality policy may explain why punitive tools rather than preventive policies have been increasingly used in this policy area (Meier). Anti-Drunk Driving Policy Controversies Policies pertaining to alcohol have been regulated by local, state and the federal governments over the last century, including the prohibition at the turn of the twentieth century. At different times alcohol has been prohibited, permitted to operate without government control, regulated through licensing, or controlled by monopolies. This policy area is largely controlled by states through a wide range of policies regulating both the sale of alcohol and penalties for alcohol abuse. Although prohibition on drunk driving is a regulatory policy, it has a separate purpose. As Meier points out, rather than restricting access to alcohol, drunk driving policies are intended to punish individuals who abuse alcohol by drinking and driving (687). Over the last two decades states have adopted a variety of punitive policies to prevent drunk driving and its consequences. Since drunk driving is framed as sinful behavior, no one will stand up and support drunk driving. Advocates of drunk driving policies push for stricter measures to protect innocent victims and in such an environment, rational politicians will perceive that the demand for restrictive policies will be greater than it actually is and, thus, compete for more extreme policies because they always see there is a great support for being tougher on sin (Meier). These policies will be carried out through strict law enforcement by agencies, which will be awarded by the number of arrests made. Therefore, law enforcement agencies will also favor more extreme policies because such policies will create an environment that supports more resources for them (Meier). Furthermore, arresting killer drunks and saving innocent lives will increase their popularity in the eyes of public. In the absence of organized opposition, therefore, drunk driving policies shaped with the support of the public, politicians, and the bureaucracy-lead to adoption of coercive tools, which increases the cost of sinful behavior (Ross). As with most public policy issues, this one, too, has many sides. Just as anti-drunk driving movement supporters form alliances for specific efforts, adversaries also work independently and sometimes together depending on the current situation and how their alliances reflect common concerns. Organizations and individuals who appear to oppose the efforts of the anti-drunk driving movement are, in some cases, protecting a different interest or issue, such as business interests and, by extension, the economy (Baum). Despite the strength of the morality policy framework to predict what type of policy tools would be adopted in this policy domain, legislation of the federal . 08 BAC standard departs from this framework on -at least- one major point: there was an organized opposition to the legislation. Opponents of the national . 08 BAC limit consisted of interest groups representing alcohol and hospitality industries and a few non-profit groups defending motorists rights. Meier contends that highly salient morality policies permit little role for expertise and the lack of opposition results in avoidance of information that challenges the dominant position. Therefore, morality politics lead to adoption of poorly designed and rarely effective policies. In the case of . 08 BAC legislation, as with many other anti drunk driving policies, however, existence of such an opposition heated the debate around the effectiveness of that standard to prevent drunk driving. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of . 08 BAC limit and level of impairment at different levels of BAC were often cited by both sides of the policy (Meier 689-90). Opponents of the national . 08 BAC limit, however, differed in their solutions rather than in their conception of the issue. Both sides of the drunk driving debate agreed on the problem, but they disagreed on the solutions, which is closely related to the definition of the problem. Opponents and proponents of the legislation defined the problems in similar ways. For example, both sides distinguished good people who drink socially from a small minority of alcohol abusers, blameworthy deviants, who drink and drive irresponsibly. The alcohol and restaurant lobbyists could not and did not deny the existence of drunk driving problem. Furthermore, they accepted an obligation to contribute to the reduction of the problem (Baum). However, they defended that . 08 BAC limit would not affect those abusers but would punish the responsible social drinkers, which in turn negatively would affect alcohol sales. They argued that most fatal accidents involving BAC levels below . 10 were alcohol related, not alcohol caused. In almost all alcohol caused fatal accidents, drivers have had an average BAC level of . 17. Therefore, lowering BAC limit to . 08 would not prevent drunk driving. Instead, some other measures such as strict administrative license suspension, and frequent sobriety checks by law enforcement should be administered. Proponents of the . 08 BAC legislation, on the other hand, argued that everyones safe driving skills are dangerously impaired at this level, and nearly one-fourth of traffic fatalities caused by drunk drivers with a BAC level of . 10 or less (Meier 691-92). Anti-Drunk Driving Movement and MADD According to Reinarman, the anti-drunk driving movement did not spring from a rise in the prevalence of drunk driving or in accidents related to it, but from the fact that the injustices (or negative externalities) attributed to drunk driving have never been treated seriously by legislators and courts. Indeed, before 1980s drunk driving had been seen merely a traffic offense. The morality policy focus of the Reagan administration created the suitable climate in which the claims of MADD affected the public and legislators (Reinarman). MADD was founded as a non-profit victims rights organization concerned with advocating for and counseling victims and bereaved relatives, and monitoring courtrooms. Although many members of MADD are victims or bereaved victims of drunk drivers, general community activists (non-victim) have also been active in many chapters. A study on a national sample of 125 MADD chapters indicated that victimization alone does not cause activism (Weed). Moreover, victim and non-victim activists share similar social backgrounds and already participate in other voluntary associations, which reveals that MADD tends to be run by activists who have been victimized rather than victims who have become activists (Ross). Despite its inception as a victims rights organization, MADD has been blamed for becoming a neo-prohibitionist movement (Hanson). The goal of the organization, Hanson claims, is no longer preventing alcohol related accidents but preventing drinking. Moreover, MADD members are accused of seeking vengeance through harsh penalties either than rehabilitation and prevention. Reinarman points out that MADDs goals include the demand for justice or vengeance on the group that took lives of friends and children, which warrants harsh punishment whether deterrence is achieved. He also contends that in the case of drunk driving, the purpose of jail is generally social revenge, not accident prevention. Advocates of MADD, on the other hand, have always pointed out the public education programs, victim assistance, and legislative activism as their agenda items. Regardless of the objectives mentioned above, MADD has managed to make drunk driving a major public problem. Its approach to the problem assumes that the victim in an alcohol related accident is innocent; the drunk drivers behavior is willful and it is a crime which should be dealt in the criminal justice system; and harsh punishment is effective in reducing drunk driving by the threat of swift, certain, and severe penalties. By working against the alcohol industrys promotion of drinking in general, MADD has focused on the negative externalities created by the drunk driver -framing the issue as a deviant behavior (Ross). This strategy allowed the movement to gain support even from the alcohol industry itself. Starting from being a small group of women to a nationwide organization with over 600 chapters across 50 states, MADD has become the most influential citizen group fighting drunk driving. The organizations 2003-2004 annual report shows that its assets reached more than $28 million and revenues more than $53 million (MADD). As with other anti-drunk driving laws, MADD was the main actor behind the federal . 08 BAC legislation. With support of other non-profit organizations, MADD members brought the issue to the public attention. They lobbied key members of Congress, organized media campaigns, participated in press events and other activities, and published fact sheets and statistical information demonstrating the significance of the policy initiative (Ross). They not only contacted the president and obtained his support, but also reached both Democrat and Republican members of the Congress gaining bipartisan support, necessary for passage of the legislation. MADD saw the fight for . 08 BAC as a fight for public safety. Karolyn Nunnallee, the president of the organization, once said, The danger imposed by a drunk driver does not stop at State lines. Neither should the standards that define drunk driving (190). Conclusion Like many other public policy issues, drunk driving can also be defined and addressed in several ways with every definition proposing a different solution. Contrary to the dominant paradigm, for example, drunk driving can be considered as a public health issue. Then the solution would be rehabilitation of offenders rather than imposing sanctions on them. However, efforts of MADD and other grassroots organizations to define the problem in criminal justice terms by describing the problem as of a sin committed by irresponsible killer drunks against innocent victims succeed over other possible definitions of the problem as well as the solutions attached to them (Meier). Their success of the definition of the problem yielded social construction of the target group as deviants with negative connotations and weak political power who deserve sanctions either than rehabilitation. Although proponents of drunk driving policies have been successful in defining the issue in terms of sin that no one could stand for it, opponents were also successful to some extent in addressing the issue by questioning the effectiveness of deterrent based policies. They were able to frame the issue in such a manner that opposition became legitimate. Meier contends that when the opponents are able to change the social construction of the debate from sin to some other dimension, the redistributive nature of the policy becomes open and acknowledged (694). At this point, we can hold that the drunk driving issue was transformed from the politics of sin to the politics of redistribution when alcohol and hospitality industries considered that the stricter laws -as in the case of federal . 08 BAC legislation- would threat alcohol sales. They were not successful, however, in changing issue entirely from being a policy of sin and could not defend drunk driving, but emphasized the potential inefficiency of measures to curb drunk driving. Moreover, they could not sustain holding that position over time and once again the dominant definition of the problem prevailed yielding more punitive tools to deter drunk driving. MADD has been acknowledged as the driving force that transformed drunk driving into a public problem which warrants governmental action. Moreover, MADD as a citizen advocacy group is an important factor in shaping policies in American states. The results provided evidence for the effects of MADD not only on states adoption of anti-drunk driving laws but also adoption of traffic safety measures in general. Works Cited Baum, Scott. Drink Driving as a Social Problem: Comparing the Attitudes and Knowledge of Drink Driving Offenders and the General Community. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 32 (2000): 689-694. Evans, William N. , Doreen Neville, and John D. Graham. General Deterrence of Drunk Drivers: Evaluation of Recent American Policies. Risk Analysis. 11 (1991): 279-289. Hanson, David J. Mothers Against Drunk Driving: A Crash Course in MADD, 2002 http://www. alcoholfacts. org/CrashCourseOnMADD. html MADD. Saving Lives: Mothers Against Drunk Driving Annual Report 2003-2004, 2004. Meier, Kenneth J. (1994). The Politics of Sin: Drugs, Alcohol, and Public Policy. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Meier, Kenneth J. Drugs, Sex, Rock, and Roll: A Theory of Morality Politics. Policy Studies Journal. 27 (4) (1999): 681-695. Nunnallee, Karolyn. Pro Con: Should Congress Pass . 08 Blood-Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Drunk Driving Standard? Congressional Digest. 11 (6-7) (1998): 178-191. Reinarman, Craig. The Social Construction of an Alcohol Problem: The Case of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers and Social Control in 1980s. Theory and Society. 17 (1988): 91-120. Ross, H. Laurence. Confronting Drunk Driving: Social Policy for Saving Lives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992 Stewart, Kathryn and James Fell. Trends in Impaired Driving in the United States: Complacency or Backsliding? In Daniel R. Mayhew and Claude Dussault eds. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety, Montreal, Canada, August 4-9, 2002. Voas, Robert B. and John H. Lacey. Drunk Driving Enforcement, Adjudication, and Sanctions in the United States. in R. Jean Wilson and Robert E. Mann eds. Drinking and Driving: Advances in Research and Prevention. New York, NY: The Guildford Press, 1990 Weed, Frank J. The Victim-Activist Role in the Anti-Drunk Driving Movement. The Sociological Quarterly. 31 (3) (1990): 459-473.

Euthanasia Essay -- Death Research Papers

Euthanasia Euthanasia, as defined by the Encarta Encyclopedia, is the â€Å"practice of mercifully ending a person’s life in order to release the person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death† (Encarta, 2004). Euthanasia is a Greek word, which means â€Å"good death.† As humans, we understand death is something we cannot avoid but having some control over death is empowering and reassuring to us. If someone is suffering from a terminal illness, intolerable pain, or in a long-term coma, euthanasia is an acceptable option for someone to end his or her life. With the consent of their doctor(s) these people should be able to have the law on their side supporting their decisions. Euthanasia began in 1906 when Ohio drafted the first bill supporting the acceptance of euthanasia. Unfortunately, the bill did not succeed. About thirty years later, Reverend Charles Potter founded the Euthanasia Society of America in New York (Humphry, 1999). Since its beginnings, euthanasia or mercy killing as it is also called, has experienced many highs and lows, legal wins and set backs. Most noteworthy is the 1976 Natural Death Act passed by California with 10 states quickly following in California’s footsteps (Humphry, 1999). In 1980, euthanasia made a small gain against its largest opposition, the Catholic Church (Humphry, 1999). Pope John Paul II refuses accepting any â€Å"right to die† ideologies although he permits greater use of painkillers and the right to refuse any means to extend life unnaturally. Today, most states have some laws that allow patients to make informed decisions about how they wish to die. Almost every state allows one to have a living will. This simply states that if one is surviving via ... ...e that is breathing for them, or allowing someone to be in coma with no brain waves and simply existing is counterproductive to technology. We need to have a human say in when technology is simply enabling us to exist as machines. In those times, we need the right to say it is time to die. Euthanasia is at best a complicated subject. However, we a free people in a free society should be permitted one of the biggest freedoms of human life- deciding when to die. Doctors like Dr. Kevorkian should be hailed as heroes for human life not labeled doctors of death. Although this decision should never be made quickly or without counseling and much thought; if someone is terminally ill and in much pain he or she should be able to decide when her or she will die. It should be our last right as a person of this world to decide when it is time to move into the next one. Euthanasia Essay -- Death Research Papers Euthanasia Euthanasia, as defined by the Encarta Encyclopedia, is the â€Å"practice of mercifully ending a person’s life in order to release the person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death† (Encarta, 2004). Euthanasia is a Greek word, which means â€Å"good death.† As humans, we understand death is something we cannot avoid but having some control over death is empowering and reassuring to us. If someone is suffering from a terminal illness, intolerable pain, or in a long-term coma, euthanasia is an acceptable option for someone to end his or her life. With the consent of their doctor(s) these people should be able to have the law on their side supporting their decisions. Euthanasia began in 1906 when Ohio drafted the first bill supporting the acceptance of euthanasia. Unfortunately, the bill did not succeed. About thirty years later, Reverend Charles Potter founded the Euthanasia Society of America in New York (Humphry, 1999). Since its beginnings, euthanasia or mercy killing as it is also called, has experienced many highs and lows, legal wins and set backs. Most noteworthy is the 1976 Natural Death Act passed by California with 10 states quickly following in California’s footsteps (Humphry, 1999). In 1980, euthanasia made a small gain against its largest opposition, the Catholic Church (Humphry, 1999). Pope John Paul II refuses accepting any â€Å"right to die† ideologies although he permits greater use of painkillers and the right to refuse any means to extend life unnaturally. Today, most states have some laws that allow patients to make informed decisions about how they wish to die. Almost every state allows one to have a living will. This simply states that if one is surviving via ... ...e that is breathing for them, or allowing someone to be in coma with no brain waves and simply existing is counterproductive to technology. We need to have a human say in when technology is simply enabling us to exist as machines. In those times, we need the right to say it is time to die. Euthanasia is at best a complicated subject. However, we a free people in a free society should be permitted one of the biggest freedoms of human life- deciding when to die. Doctors like Dr. Kevorkian should be hailed as heroes for human life not labeled doctors of death. Although this decision should never be made quickly or without counseling and much thought; if someone is terminally ill and in much pain he or she should be able to decide when her or she will die. It should be our last right as a person of this world to decide when it is time to move into the next one.

E-Manufacturing: A Technology Review

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. E Manufacturing a Technology Review Dr. H. K. Shivanand, Nanjundaradhya N. V, Prabhakar Kammar, Divya shree S, Keshavamurthy YC. Abstract: With a rapid change in technology especially in the manufacturing sector, customers are demanding more value, less risk, and better integration of products, hence there is a need to change the manufacturing strategies, which can result in improved performance thereby meeting the customer demands. This paper critically reviews a new area to overcome the above problem called â€Å"E – Manufacturing† which can integrate customers, products and suppliers with the help of Internet Technology. The concept of E – Manufacturing, its development, tools and potential benefits are discussed along with application examples on Automobiles. Areas like E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, E – Business related to E – Manufacturing is also discussed. By adopting such a manufacturing technique zero downtime, reduced product error, customer satisfaction, quick manufacturing changes can be accomplished. In addition the concept of E-Manufacturing applied to the manufacture of gears is also discussed there by providing better understanding of this process. like ERP, MES, SCADA, and even newer acronyms like Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) are communicating with each other, and sharing data through internet connections. II. EVOLUTION OF E MANUFACTURING For decades, the dominant manufacturing model was based on principles of mass production [2]. Standardized parts and processes made economies of scale achievable, but limited design flexibility and customization. The outsourcing and lean manufacturing movements of the 1980s and 1990s drove the emergence of a new paradigm, termed the Quality Management era. Manufacturing companies, particularly large Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEM) outsourcing shifts critical elements of the design and production process onto a manufacturer’s supply chain. The lean manufacturing movement places a premium on time and inventory reduction. Combining the attributes of the Quality era suggests a very different business model for manufacturing – enterprise integration or E-Manufacturing. In the E-Manufacturing era, companies will be able to exchange information of all types with their suppliers at the speed of light. III. E MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing can be most cogently and generally described as the application of the Internet to Manufacturing [3], further E-Manufacturing is becoming popular with the increased use of the internet. Due the widespread availability of the Internet; large-scale distributed projects in manufacturing are becoming popular. It is the methodology and framework for collaborative Virtual Manufacturing. The ability to exchange information and automate manufacturing processes forms the building blocks of the virtual manufacturing companies of the near future. It covers all aspects of manufacturing – sales, marketing, customer service, new product development, procurement, supplier relationships and logistics manufacturing strategy development and so on. As a result, it is now so much easier to allow certain people gain access to certain sections of the system, according to whatever criteria they like; maintenance people need certain parts of the data, but not others; operators would be able to access a limited number of devices; managers would be allowed to monitor, but not change anything, etc. New technologies such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) are now making it easier to share data between different application programs, and to set up computers to take actions based on criteria †¹ for instance, to order supplies when inventories reach a critical low point. The E-Manufacturing WCE 2008 Index Terms— E – Manufacturing, E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, Automobile, Gears. I. INTRODUCTION F manufacturing companies what matters more is that how efficiently their company can compete globally with others as an organization followed by meeting the day to day requirements of the customer and exchange of hassle free information while not focusing only on sales of the company [1]. Today’s customers provide top priority for money, better quality and less risk. In order to cater to the needs of the customer, manufacturing companies have adopted a new technique called E Manufacturing. It is concerned with the use of the Internet and E-Business technologies in manufacturing industries wherein a network can be established between the customer, the manufacturer and the product. The internet offers a frictionless path for exchange of information. The concepts of E-Maintenance, E-Business, E Diagnostics and ECare have led to the formation of an E-Factory which can produce quality products at remarkable speeds. In short, the customer is just a click away from a business deal. Within manufacturing concerns, the various enterprise-wide systems OR today’s Manuscript received October 11, 2007. H. K. Shivanand is with the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering , Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA 560001 phone: 918022961887 e-mail: Shivanand. [email  protected] gmail. com Prabhakar Kammar, is working at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore Nanjundaradhya N. V is working at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore Divya shree S is working at BEL, Bangalore. Keshavamurthy YC, ME (Manufacturing Sc &Engg), UVCE, Bangalore. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. technique also affects products as well since it is possible to use Internet technologies to add new product functions and to provide new services. The Internet is being used even at the shop floor level. For instance, computer numerical control devices (CNC’s) can be connected via intranets or the Internet to ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), production planning, or maintenance systems. As such, the E-Manufacturing project aims to develop an appropriate framework for a common platform to enable distributed planning and control in manufacturing for quicker, easier, secure and cost-effective collaborations. The developed system will allow dispersed engineering team members to work together productively, as if they were under one roof. This transformation of the enterprise coincides with the increasing content of information contained in products and processes. This new production enterprise is information-rich. The major functions and objectives of e-manufacturing are: (a) provide a transparent, seamless and automated information exchange process to enable an only handle information once (OHIO) environment; (b) improve the utilization of plant floor assets using a holistic approach combining the tools of predictive maintenance techniques; (c) links entire SCM operation and asset optimization; and (d) deliver customer services utilizing the latest predictive intelligence methods and Tether-free technologies [4] Fig 2: Before Implementing E Manufacturing Fig 3: After Implementing E Manufacturing IV. E MANUFACTURING TOOLS Implementation of the E-Manufacturing tools results in cost saving, regardless of the company size. E-Manufacturing tools enable connectivity among the various modules of the manufacturing process. Areas where the E-Manufacturing tools need to be developed are listed below [5 – 9]. Data and information transformation tool: The large amounts of raw data collected during a manufacturing process are rendered useless, unless the data is gathered and transformed into some useful information which may be used to monitor a system. To understand this better a simple example is taken below. Consider a CNC machine hooked to the Internet as shown in Figure 4. It shows the way data and information are transformed from the machine to the internet. Here the idea is to monitor the health of the tool [life of the tool] fixed in the CNC machine. This technique can also be used to calibrate a machine from the Internet. Fig 1 Evolution of E Manufacturing (Source NACFAM) The contrast between the traditional system and the system with E-Manufacturing is indicated below [3] ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. Fig 4: Tool Monitoring in a CNC Machine Using Internet. Prediction Tools: Apart from data being gathered, certain tools need to be developed, which can predict or detect the degradation of various parts of the machine, performance loss and trend of failure. Developing a tool which monitors these aspects could set the trend for an advanced diagnostic system. Optimization Tools: As far as E-Manufacturing is concerned data can be accessed from any part of the globe at any time. Hence certain tools need to be developed which can optimize the data and provide easy to read results. For example, these tools should be able to provide the performance of a drill bit for various drilling operation verses time, temperature, tool tip failure with various materials etc. Synchronization Tools: This is an important tool in the E-Manufacturing environment, which can associate various groups such as customer’s suppliers and manufacturers, where first hand information needs to be sent to these groups during emergencies, for example – if tool needs a replacement or tool has worn out then the information is sent from first the manufacturer to the supplier and tool maker where the tool can be assessed for performance. The new connectivity and communications tools will boost productivity, profits, speed to market, and flexibility for those manufactures who are willing to upgrade. Some of the common E-manufacturing tools are SMS, E Mail, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Fax and Infrared Connectivity. V. E MAINTENANCE Progressive plant executives, maintenance managers, and work planners have always wanted to have information about the condition of equipment assets at their fingertips when they need it. Unfortunately, it typically is scattered among separate information systems. It is difficult to view, compile and synchronize the different information types on the same computer terminal. If one wants to maximize business continuity by increasing device up-time and minimize the time, costs and headaches associated with device administration he must adopt the E-Maintenance strategy. It is a network that integrates and synchronizes the various maintenance and reliability applications to gather and deliver asset information where it is needed, when it is needed. Interconnectivity of the islands of maintenance and reliability information is embodied in E-Maintenance. The EMaintenance network can be developed from a collection of information islands by using a single proprietary system, a custom bridge, or by using an open systems bridge. EMaintenance also removes the need for manual meter readings that is your device administration is virtually reduced to nil. It is estimated that 15- 40% of indirect costs of manufacturing is maintenance related. About 50% are unnecessary corrective maintenance, which costs 10-15 times more than predictive maintenance. Furthermore, 25% of maintenance is preventive, which is 3-5 times more expensive then predictive. An effective E-Manufacturing strategy uses predictive maintenance techniques to forecast equipment wear and predict failure. Apart from this, it also alerts MRO managers to unexpected problems. This allows managers to proactively correct problems, thus maximizing the use of machinery and personnel while minimizing preventive maintenance expenses. Predicting the reliability of plant-floor equipment can be the difference between a few minutes of preventive maintenance and hours or days of downtime for corrective maintenance. Ultimately, predictive maintenance, computerized maintenance management systems or CMMS, and effective utilization of maintenance specialists make E Manufacturing work. VI. E DIAGNOSTICS E-Diagnostics is the reactive and proactive remote diagnosis, maintenance and repair of equipment by service personnel. EDiagnostics offers many businesses the promise of better equipment reliability and performance at a much lower cost. It is the hardened, reliable acquisition of time-stamped, highspeed information from the tool registers and ancillary data points, database retention and management, parsing and analysis. A complete E-Diagnostics solution would include the following: (a) Remote capture, transmission, analysis and dissemination of equipment performance data. (b) Remote takeover of equipment to manipulate equipment settings during and after repair. (c) A trigger for replenishing spare parts. (d) Faster and more effective response to field service engineering requests, bringing the experts remotely to the problem. (e) Reduced equipment and process variation, through better visibility and response to differences in equipment performance among machines. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. (f) Preventive response to pending equipment failures through the use of advanced process control (real-time multivariate statistical analysis). (g) Enhanced next-generation tool development through improved awareness of deficiencies in current equipment designs. Traditional E-Diagnostics systems monitor tool performance and provide â€Å"maintenance needed† alerts to service and engineering personnel. Much more can be derived from the rich sensor data generated as wafers pass through process chambers. This step in E-Diagnostics is to employ proven enterprise data mining (EDM) techniques to correlate device yield and performance with the vast amount of tool-level and wafer-level chamber sensor data. With this new approach, yield and process-level issues can be uncovered down to a particular sensor reading on a specific tool process chamber. Once a specific tool issue can be identified to have an impact on process results, specific E-Diagnostics monitors can be targeted to prevent future yield and process excursions, completing a closed loop process learning effort. The steps to be followed to implement the E Diagnostics strategy in an industry are as shown below. maintenance programme. Computerized maintenance management systems optimize the deployment of all maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) resources, such as people, spare parts, tools and facilities, and allow the creation of a planned maintenance programme for all assets. EProcurement allows the replacement of stock with information and offers direct access to spares at lowest cost. For the successful application of E-Manufacturing there must exist a partnership between the supplier and the customer. The goal is to deploy best practices in e-business processes as quickly and effectively as possible while ensuring a quantifiable return on investment (ROI). The benefits of adopting E business strategy are; (a) Quick installation of software updates with no need for expensive integration projects. (b) One enterprise wide view of the customer, product or process. (c) Global deployment from one instance of the software, making all applications accessible globally via a standard Web browser. (d) Simplified systems and maintenance for IT staff due to the one-vendor approach. e) Streamlined business processes. (f) Better decision-making and business intelligence because of the single-database architecture and preintegrated applications and rapid deployment at lower cost. VIII. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND GEARS Every automobile industry has an umpteen number of divisions, each division manufacturing a particular system of the automobile- like the steering system, brake system, engine, suspens ion, chassis and body, interiors, safety division, quality control division, etc. With so many departments working towards the creation of the same end product, a lot of time and money is spent in redesigning and related cases which may arise due to inefficient data transfer or delayed transfer of important information between the departments. Such a problem can be sorted out by implementing the EManufacturing strategy into the industry. The internet can be used to share data and information between various departments and between manufacturers worldwide. Data sharing can be extensively used between the head office and the various branches and service centers of a company which may be located at different locations around the globe. For example, if a component is found defective in one of the branches the information is relayed immediately to the other branches warning them to arrest the production of that component immediately. As a result of this, huge amounts of time, material and money are saved. The internet is a means of communication between production engineers, the manufacturing engineers, and the design engineers. Adopting this new technique can reduce the complexity of the part, without jeopardizing performance. Using CAE tools in the design process may have a profound impact on savings. In many cases, the virtual prototype is a much more accurate representation of what we designed than the physical Fig 5: E Diagnostics VII. E BUSINESS In today’s world it’s the â€Å"Time Factor† that can make or break an industry. Gone are the days of buying different applications from a host of technology vendors and spending countless months and dollars integrating them. Increasingly, the customers are demanding more customized products, faster delivery schedules, and instant access to order status. Results have to be assessed in financial terms, with return on net assets or return on capital employed, the key measure. EBusiness promises a solution to this customer demanding market. Automated scheduling provides a better method of managing production orders and increases the visibility of current and future scheduling activities. Tracking involves the collection, analysis, viewing and reporting of production data. To get the best productivity from the assets deployed, three main areas need to be addressed: Condition based maintenance; computerized maintenance management; EProcurement. Condition-based maintenance predicts the deterioration of assets that allows the planning of maintenance actions more effectively and monitors the effectiveness of the ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. prototype. Apart from adopting this strategy in the production line it can also be used in the maintenance program of an automobile. For example, if you only repair your car when it breaks down, you face costly corrective maintenance. A preventive maintenance schedule, based on the manufacturer's recommendations, may prevent breakdowns. Preventive maintenance is possible using E-Diagnostics. When a car is taken in for servicing, it is hooked onto the diagnostic computer which indicates existing problems. Moreover the service centers are constantly hooked up to the internet and are updated on availability of spares, latest trends in servicing and solutions to commonly occurring problems. All this information is made available from their counterparts from around the world. To add to this the entire service history of the vehicle is uploaded to the net so that it is made available to all of the company’s service centers around the globe which will help identify the status of the vehicle wherever and whenever one wants to service it. Gears form an important component in most machines as well as in automobiles. Today’s Customers demand a multitude of gears in a short span of time, without any compromise on quality. The solution to this challenge is E Manufacturing. One can hook up the gear manufacturing machine to the net. It offers fully integrated production control software for estimating, order and job control, job travelers, scheduling, data collection, inventory control, purchasing, work center loading and cost accounting. Various design parameters can be entered by the customer and modifications may also be made until the last minute. Once the system is in place economic and efficient manufacture of gears is imminent. 1. Synchronize Production Processes with Business Processes. . Orchestrate Upstream Flows of Work, Information, and Material. 3. Automate Business Processes & Workflows within the Enterprise 4. Give Control to Managers with Plant Information & Analysis Tools. 5. Integrate the Design Process among All Collaborating Parties. 6. Leverage Bi-directional Down-stream Information. 7. Enable Collaborative Maintenance and Manufacturing Support. X. CONCLUSION This paper discussed cer tain key areas and subsets of the E-Manufacturing strategy which when implemented will yield priceless benefits to an industry that implements it. Further the concept of an E-Factory promises greater increase in productivity and performance, while at the same time decreases production costs. However, for E-Manufacturing to be a success, co-operation between various public and private sector organizations is mandatory. This new thinking paradigm to integrate web-enabled and predictive intelligence for manufacturing systems is becoming a new benchmark strategy for manufacturing companies to compete in the twenty-first century. REFERENCES [1] [2] White paper â€Å"Making sense of E-Manufacturing: A Road map for manufacturers Industry† Rockwell Automation. Exploiting E Manufacturing: Interoperability of Software Systems used by US Manufacturing â€Å" National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing, 2001, pp 1-13 Manufacturing Engineering Handbook – by Hwaiyu Geng, McGraw Hill Professional 1 edition, March 1, 2004, Koc M, Ni J, Lee J. Introduction of e-manufacturing. Proceeding of the International Conference on Frontiers on Design and Manufacturing, Dalian, China, July 2002. E – Manufacturing Review – Jay Lee – Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Journal. , May 23 – 2003 Lee J, Ahad A, [email  protected] M. E-manufacturing—its elements and impact. Proceedings of the Annual Institute of Industrial Engineering (IIE) Conference, Advances in Production Session, Dallas, TX, USA, May 21–23, 2001. Lee J, Ni J. Web-enabled e-manufacturing. Proceeding of Sixth International Manufacturing Technology in Hong Kong, December 2001 Lee J, Ni J. E-manufacturing and e-business integration: a case study. Proceeding of the International Manufacturing Leaders Forum (IMLF), Adelaide, Australia, February 8–10, 2002. Lee J, Ni J. Infotronics agent for tether-free prognostics. Proceeding of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Refinement and Revision for Decision Making: Modeling for Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Prediction, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, March 25–27, 2002. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Figure 6 Application of E Manufacturing to Automobile Industry [8] [9] IX. BENEFITS OF E-MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing is a fundamental change in the strategic value proposition for manufacturers. Its collection of systems, processes, and technologies that support and enable manufacturers to compete in collaboration with others has seven fundamental jobs: ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008